var textForPages  = ["\"\"","\"\"","\" ysf[kdk,\\u00a1 y{eh tSu lqtkrk lDlsuk 8 ICSE New Delhi \\u2022 Mumbai \\u2022 Chennai \\u2022 Kolkata \\u2022 Bengaluru \\u2022 Hyderabad \\u2022 Kochi \\u2022 Guwahati\"","\" Inf or  matio n   co  ntained  in  this  boo k   has  been  obtained  by   its  authors  fr om  sour ces  belie ved  to  be  reliable  and  is    corr ect  to  the  best  of  their  kno wledg e. Ho wever , the  publisher  and  its  authors  shal l  in  no  event  be  liable  for  an  y   err ors,  omissio ns  or  for  an  y   par ticular  use . Ev er  y   attempt  has  been  ma de  to  tr ace  holders  of  cop yright.  W her e   the  publishers  hav e   not  hear d   fr om  them  at  the  time  of  going  to  pr  ess  or  wher e, in  the  absence  of  co  mplete  inf or  matio n,   it    has  not  been  possible  to  identify  the  sour ces  of  mater ials  used,  the  publishers  would  be  gr  ateful  for  an  y   inf or  matio n   that  would  enable  them  to  make  appr opr iate  ackno wledg ements  in  futur e   repr ints\\\/editio ns  of  this  boo k. pr  oduct  in  this  public atio n   ar  e   for  educ atio nal  pur poses  onl  y. We   gr  ateful ly   ackno wledg e   ea  ch   individual  intel lectual  pr  oper ty   owner . Cop yright  \\u00a9  Viva  Educ atio n Al   l  rights  reser ved.  No   par t   of  this  boo k   ma y   be  repr oduced,  stor ed  in  a   retr ie val  sy stem,  or  tr ansmitted  in  an  y   for  m  or  by  an  y   means,  electr onic,  mec hanic al,   photocop ying , recor ded  or  other wise , without  the  written  per missio n   of  the  publishers.   4737\\\/23,  Ansar i  Roa d,   Dar yaganj , New    Delhi  110  002   Tel.   011-42242200,  Email:  viva educ atio n@vivagr oupindia.net New Delhi \\u2022 Mumbai \\u2022 Chennai \\u2022 Kolkata \\u2022 Bengaluru \\u2022 Hyderabad \\u2022 Kochi \\u2022 Guwahati Ahmedabad \\u2022 Indore \\u2022 Jaipur \\u2022 Jalandhar \\u2022 Lucknow \\u2022 Nagpur \\u2022 Nashik \\u2022 Patna \\u2022 Pune \\u2022 Ranchi www .viva digital.in www .vivagr oupindia.co m\"","\" viuh ckr ^lafprk* fganh ikBekyk vkiosQ le{k j[krs gq, gesa gkfnZd izlUurk gks jgh gSA (vkbZ-lh-,l-bZ-) bafM;u  lkfVZfiQosQV vkWiQ lsosaQMjh ,tqosQ'ku cksMZ dh uohu ikB~;ozQe ij vk\\\/kfjr ;g  \\u00dck`a[kyk iw.kZ :i ls cPpksa  dh #fp ,oa ekufld Lrj osQ vuqowQy gSA vkt osQ le; esa lcls cM+h vko';drk gS fd cPpksa dks LowQyh thou osQ lkFk&lkFk ckgjh vkSj  O;kogkfjd thou ls Hkh tksM+k tk,A blh mn~ns'; dks \\u00e8;ku esa j[krs gq, bl  \\u00dck`a[kyk esa fn, x, ikB vkt  osQ le; vkSj foe'kks\\u00b1 ls tksM+s x, gSaA Hkk\\\"kk gekjs thou dk vfHkUu vax gSA Hkk\\\"kk fodkl ls cPpksa esa Lora=k fparu] er izdV djuk vkSj  ?kVukvksa osQ rkfoZQd fo'ys\\\"k.k dh ;ksX;rk mRiUu gksrh gSA fon~;kFkhZ Hkk\\\"kk dk Kku vkSj oqQ'kyrk lqudj]  cksydj] i<+dj vkSj fy[kdj izkIr djrk gSA vr% Hkk\\\"kk dh lHkh ;ksX;rkvksa ls tqM+h fofo\\\/ oqQ'kyrkvksa  dks fl[kkus ls lacaf\\\/r vH;kl blesa fn, x, gSaA f'k{kk dk okLrfod mn~ns'; cPpksa dks thou dh pqukSfr;ksa  dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, rS;kj djuk gSA blosQ fy, \\u201dk:jh gS fd f'k{kk fofHkUu thou dkS'kyksa ls tqM+h  gksA tSls\\u03bcfu.kZ; ysuk] ruko ls fopfyr u gksuk] leL;k fuokj.k] lgkuqHkwfr vkfnA iBu lkexzh dk p;u  djrs le; gekjk iz;kl ;gh jgk gS fd cPps bu lHkh thou dkS'kyksa ls tqM+sa vkSj f\\u201dkEesnkj ukxfjd  cusaA blosQ fy, mUgsa fofHkUu xfrfof\\\/;ksa vkSj fozQ;k&dykiksa ls tksM+k x;k gSA vH;klksa osQ varxZr fofo\\\/  izdkj osQ iz'u mnkgj.k osQ lkFk fn, x, gSaA iz'u cukdj iwNus rFkk ikB ls Lo;a mRrj pquus osQ fy,  cPpksa dks izsfjr fd;k x;k gS] ftlls cPps d{kk esa vius vuqHkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dk [kqydj vknku&iznku  dj losaQA vuqHkoh f'k{kd&f'kf{kdkvksa ls gekjk vuqjks\\\/ gS fd os le;&le; ij viuh izfrfozQ;kvksa ls  gekjk ekxZn'kZu djrs jgsaA bl iqLrd  \\u00dck`a[kyk esa ge mu jpukdkjksa osQ izfr vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSa ftudh jpukvksa dks ikBksa esa  vk\\u00e8kkj lkexzh osQ :i esa ysdj ubZ ih<+h dks Kku iznku djus dk ek\\u00e8;e cuk;k x;k gSA iqLrd dh  fo'ks\\\"krk,\\u00a1 ikB~;iqLrd ,oa vH;kl iqfLrdk vH;kl&i=k ewY;ijd iz'u dfork,\\u00a1 vifBr cks\\\/ oxZ&igsyh ;ksx JqrHkko xzg.k 'kCndks'k jkspd vH;kl jpukRed xfrfof\\\/;k\\u00a1 vuqPNsn ys[ku cPpksa n~okjk lqudj xzg.k djus dh ;ksX;rk dks fodflr djus osQ fy, lh-Mh- vkSj f'k{kd nf'kZdk esa oqQN ikB fn, x, gSa  rFkk muls lacaf\\\/r vH;kl ikB~;iqLrd esa ^lqfu, vkSj crkb,* 'kh\\\"kZd osQ varxZr fn, x, gSaA\"","\" ikB&ewY;kadu \\u00d8- ikB dk uke fo\\\/k Hkk\\\"kk dh ;ksX;rk,\\u00a1@dkS'ky xfrfof\\\/;k\\u00a1 thou&ewY; 1- ekr`Hkfwe \\u03bclksguyky n~foosnh dfork Jqrys[k] iz'uksRrj] cgqfodYih;] ifBr in~;ka'k] laKk  Hksn] rRle&rn~Hko] foykse 'kCn] vusdkFkhZ 'kCn] opu]  i;kZ;okph 'kCn] lgh mRrj pquuk fuca\\\/&ys[ku] fgeky; ioZr osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj  cqysfVu cksMZ ij yxkuk] ifj;kstuk dk;Z] dfork okpu]  lewg cukdj dfork ij fopkj&foe'kZ djuk] fo'ks\\\"k fcanq ns'kizse] ohjrk] vfHkeku]  xoZ] lEeku] bfrgkl Lej.k 2- lnkpkj dk rkoh\\u201dk \\u03bcgfj'kadj ijlkbZ dgkuh    Jqrys[k] iz'uksRrj] cgqfodYih;] milxZ] mnwZ 'kCnksa osQ  fganh i;kZ;] okD;ka'k osQ fy, ,d 'kCn] vusdkFkhZ 'kCn dkVwZu cukdj lans'k fy[kuk] foKkiu cukuk] lekt esa  iSQys Hkz\\\"Vkpkj ij ifjppkZ djuk] i=k&ys[ku] dgkfu;ksa dk  ukVdh; 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fy[kuk] milxZ] fo'ks\\\"k.k 'kCn js[kkafdr djuk laokn&ys[ku] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] vuqHko ys[ku] dfBu 'kCnksa  osQ vFkZ 'kCndks'k esa ns[kuk] oxZ&igsyh] cqn~f\\\/foykl bZekunkjh] fir`HkfDr]  lqfopkj] larks\\\"k] esgur 6- vdcjh yksVk \\u03bcvUuiw.kkZuan oekZ gkL; O;aX;  Jqrys[k] iz'uksRrj] cgqfodYih;] ifBr xn~;ka'k]  fojke&fpg~u] rRle&rn~Hko] f\\u00d8;k :i] okD;ka'k osQ fy,  ,d 'kCn] 'kCn&;qXe] eqgkojksa dk okD; iz;ksx] okD;  ifjorZu dfBu 'kCnksa dks 'kCndks'k esa ozQe esa yxkuk] dfork ys[ku]  fopkj O;Dr djuk] izs\\u201dksaVs'ku cukuk] oa'k&o`{k cukuk]  vifBr xn~;ka'k lg;ksx] HkkbZpkjk] lw>cw>]  cqn~f\\\/eRrk] lg;ksx 7- lqu;uk dh Mk;jh \\u03bcy{eh tSu Mk;jh    Jqrys[k] iz'uksRrj] cgqfodYih;] fo'ks\\\"k.k vkSj mlosQ Hksn]  ^j* dh v'kqn~f\\\/;k\\u00a1] foykse 'kCn] fojke&fpg~u] fyax vkys[k&ys[ku] izfln~\\\/ fopkjdksa osQ fopkjksa dks LozSQi  cqd ij fpidkuk] vk'kq Hkk\\\"k.k] ppkZ djuk] Mk;jh ys[ku]  fp=kk\\\/kfjr ys[ku] fo'ks\\\"k fcanq thoksa osQ izfr n;k] d#.kk]  lekurk dk Hkko] LokFkhZ u  gksuk] lsokHkko] vkReh;rk 8-    dksbZ fnu v'kqHk ugha \\u03bco`ankou yky oekZ dgkuh    Jqrys[k] iz'uksRrj] cgqfodYih;] f\\u00d8;k vkSj mlosQ Hksn]  uke\\\/krq fozQ;k] vusdkFkhZ 'kCn] opu] fjDr LFkku] izR;;]  'kCn&ifjokj] foykse 'kCn lekt dh cqjkb;ksa ij ys[k rS;kj djuk] ohj lsukfu;ksa ij  fy[kha dfork,\\u00a1 baVjusV ls ,df=kr dj pkVZ rS;kj djuk]  ppkZ djuk] fjiksVZ rS;kj djuk] va\\\/fo'okl laca\\\/h dgkfu;k\\u00a1  i=k&if=kdkvksa ls <w\\u00a1<+uk] JqrHkko xzg.k va\\\/fo'okl u djuk]  esgur] ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls gkj  u ekuuk] leL;k&lek\\\/ku]  vkRefo'okl 9- ge nhokuksa dh D;k  gLrh \\u03bcHkxorhpj.k oekZ dfork    Jqrys[k] iz'uksRrj] cgqfodYih;] ifBr in~;ka'k]  mn~ns';&fo\\\/s;] vuqLokj vkSj vuqukfld dk iz;ksx] opu]  Hkkookpd laKk] leJqfr fHkUukFkZd 'kCn lLoj okpu] i=k&ys[ku] jsfM;ksa osQ fy, vkys[k ys[ku]  ohj lsukfu;ksa dk fp=kkRed dksykt cukuk] vifBr  xn~;ka'k] fo'ks\\\"k fcanq len`f\\\"V] izseHkko]  ln~dkeuk] oqQN djus dh  bPNk&yyd\"","\" \\u00d8- ikB dk uke fo\\\/k Hkk\\\"kk dh ;ksX;rk,\\u00a1@dkS'ky xfrfof\\\/;k\\u00a1 thou&ewY; 10- dysaMj dykdkj \\u03bclosZ'ojn;ky lDlsuk ys[k Jqrys[k] iz'uksRrj] cgqfodYih;] ifBr xn~;ka'k]  fozQ;k&fo'ks\\\"k.k] izR;;] milxZ] fyax] o.kZ&foPNsn]  'kCn&ifjokj] foykse 'kCn foKkiu&ys[ku] dksykt cukuk] okn&fookn] vuqPNsn&ys[ku]  i=k@bZ&esy ys[ku] oxZ&igsyh yksd O;ogkj] O;olkf;drk 11- 'kkL=kkFkZ \\u03bcMkW- jkeoqQekj oekZ ukVd    Jqrys[k] iz'uksRrj] cgqfodYih;] ifBr xn~;ka'k] fozQ;k  osQ Hksn] leqPp;cks\\\/d vO;;] 'kCnksa dk okD;&iz;ksx]  eqgkojs] foykse 'kCn] funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj nsuk]  okD;&ifjorZu] dkjd Nk\\u00a1Vuk ifj;kstuk fuekZ.k] thofu;k\\u00a1 i<+uk] ukVd dks dgkuh osQ  :i esa fy[kuk] i=k@bZ&esy ys[ku] ukVd&eapu] mn~?kks\\\"k.kk  fy[kuk] JqrHkko xzg.k vkRefo'okl] n`<+&fu'p;]  fir`HkfDr] lgu'khyrk]  larqyu 12- uhyoaQB \\u03bcegknsoh oekZ laLej.k   Jqrys[k] iz'uksRrj] cgqfodYih;] ifBr xn~;ka'k] dky]  fd vkSj dh dk iz;ksx] izR;;] funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj nsuk]  foykse 'kCn] fjDr LFkku lwph cukuk] foKkiu rS;kj djuk] ys[k fy[kuk vkSj d{kk  esa lqukuk] ifj;kstuk cukuk] feyku djuk] fo'ks\\\"k fcanq thoksa osQ izfr izse&Hkko]  l\\u00e2n;rk] lgkuqHkwfr 13- esjk u;k cpiu \\u03bclqHknzkoqQekjh pkSgku dfork    Jqrys[k] iz'uksRrj] cgqfodYih;] ifBr in~;ka'k]  laca\\u00e8kcks\\\/d 'kCn] yksdksfDr] rqdokys 'kCn] foykse 'kCn]  \\u00e8ofucks\\\/d 'kCn ls fjDr LFkku Hkjuk] Hkkookpd laKk lfp=k izs\\u201dksaVs'ku cukuk] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] vkys[k&ys[ku]  lkewfgd ppkZ] foKkiu rS;kj djuk] vifBr in~;ka'k okRlY;] ekr`&izse]  cky&lqyHk euksfoKku]  vkReh;rk 14- fe=krk \\u03bcvkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy fuca\\\/    Jqrys[k] iz'uksRrj] cgqfodYih;] dkjd] dj.k rFkk  viknku dkjd esa varj] leJqfr fHkUukFkZd 'kCnksa n~okjk  fjDr LFkku Hkjuk] okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn] izR;; ppkZ djuk] laokn&ys[ku] dgkuh dk ukV~; :i esa eapu  djuk] lans'k fy[kuk] nksgs ,df=kr dj cksMZ ij yxkuk vkpj.k] O;ogkj] fe=krk]  lg;ksx] nwjnf'kZrk]  drZO;cks\\\/ 15- 'kghnksa osQ i=k \\u03bcykyk yktirjk;@ jkeizlkn fcfLey i=k Jqrys[k] iz'uksRrj] cgqfodYih;] loZuke vkSj lkoZukfed  fo'ks\\\"k.k esa varj] foLe;kfncks\\\/d 'kCn] izR;;]  funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj nsuk] ifjek.kokpd rFkk la[;kokpd  fo'ks\\\"k.k] i;kZ;okph 'kCn] vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn i=k&ys[ku] ozQkafrdkfj;ksa osQ thou ls izsj.kk ysuk] ukjs rFkk  xhrksa dks ladfyr djuk] ns'kizse ls lacaf\\\/r lekpkj i<+uk]  iz'u cSad rS;kj dj iz'ueap dk vk;kstu djuk] vifBr  xn~;ka'k ekr`Hkwfe osQ izfr izse]  ns'kHkfDr] jk\\\"V\\u00aah; Hkkouk 16-  vtark ,yksjk dh xqiQk,\\u00a1 \\u03bcladfyr ys[k Jqrys[k] iz'uksRrj] cgqfodYih;] okD; (ljy] la;qDr  rFkk feJ)] fuikr] fojke&fpg~u] vdeZd rFkk ldeZd  fozQ;k] funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj nsuk] eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ lfp=k izs\\u201dksaVs'ku cukuk] ,sfrgkfld bekjr dh tkudkjh  izkIr djuk] i=k vFkok bZ&esy ys[ku] lekpkj&i=k i<+uk]  lwpuk ys[ku lkaL\\u00d1frd \\\/jksgj osQ  laj{k.k dk egRo]  okLrqdyk lkSan;Z] bfrgkl  vkSj iqjkrRo osQ ckjs esa  tkudkjh 17- 'kfDr vkSj {kek \\u03bcjke\\\/kjh flag ^fnudj* dfork    Jqrys[k] iz'uksRrj] cgqfodYih;] okP;] milxZ&izR;;]  funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj nsuk] ^t* izR;;] fo'ks\\\"k.k&fo'ks\\\";] ^j*  osQ :i] okD; ifjorZu egkHkkjr osQ n`'; ns[kuk] roZQ izLrqr djuk] vfHku; djuk]  laokn&ys[ku] vuqPNsn&ys[ku] dkO; ikB djuk fouezrk rFkk {kek'khyrk  dk egRo] ohjrk] uhfr 18- foKkiu gh foKkiu \\u03bceksgu jkosQ'k fuca\\\/    Jqrys[k] iz'uksRrj] cgqfodYih;] laiznku vkSj deZdkjd  esa varj] funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj nsuk] okD;ka'kksa osQ fy,  ,d 'kCn] leJqfr fHkUukFkZd] leqPp;cks\\\/d osQ Hksn]  vusdkFkZd 'kCn] fo'ks\\\"k.k 'kCn vuqPNsn&ys[ku] foKkiu osQ lnqi;ksx&nq#i;ksx ij ys[ku  izfr;ksfxrk vk;ksftr djuk] roZQ izLrqr djuk] foKkiu  cukuk] izfrosnu rS;kj djuk oSKkfud n`f\\\"Vdks.k] gkL;  O;aX;] Hkfo\\\";&cks\\\/]  vkuankuqHko\"","\" ozQ- la- ikB dk uke ys[kd@dfo i`- la- 1-   ekr`Hkwfe lksguyky n~foosnh 1 2-   lnkpkj dk rkoh\\u201dk gfj'kadj ijlkbZ 7 3-   xku&;qn~\\\/ lqn'kZu  15 \\u00b7 oqQjy lIrd 25 4- Lusg&'kiFk Hkokuh izlkn feJ  26 5-   dksVj vkSj oqQVhj fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr 33 6-   vdcjh yksVk vUuiw.kkZuan oekZ 43 7-   lqu;uk dh Mk;jh y{eh tSu 55 8-   dksbZ fnu v'kqHk ugha o`ankou yky oekZ 62 9-   ge nhokuksa dh D;k gLrh Hkxorhpj.k oekZ 72 10-   dysaMj dykdkj losZ'ojn;ky lDlsuk 78 \\u00b7 vrqy dh uknkuh 85 11- 'kkL=kkFkZ MkW- jkeoqQekj oekZ 87 12-   uhyoaQB egknsoh oekZ  99 13-   esjk u;k cpiu lqHknzkoqQekjh pkSgku  110 14-   fe=krk vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy  116 15-   'kghnksa osQ i=k ykyk yktirjk;@jkeizlkn fcfLey 123 16-   vtark ,yksjk dh xqiQk,\\u00a1 ladfyr 129 17-   'kfDr vkSj {kek jke\\\/kjh flag ^fnudj* 136 18-   foKkiu gh foKkiu eksgu jkosQ'k 142 \\u00b7 Hkkjr osQ iwoksZRrj jkT; 150 \\u00b7  vkvks ;ksx djsa 152 \\u00b7  'kCndks'k 155 vH;kl&i=k 1 161 vH;kl&i=k 2 163 vH;kl&i=k 3 165 vH;kl&i=k 4 167 ijh{kk&i=k 1 169 ijh{kk&i=k 2 172 fo\\\"k;&lwph\"","\" (izLrqr dfork esa dfo us ekr`Hkwfe dh lqanj NVk dk o.kZu fd;k gSA dfo dks viuh ekr`Hkwfe ij xoZ gS D;ksafd  ;gk\\u00a1 jke&lhrk] \\u00d1\\\".k o xkSre cqn~\\\/ tSls egkiqjQ\\\"kksa us tUe fy;k gSA ;gk\\u00a1 ij cgrs >jus] ufn;k\\u00a1] vkdk'k pwerk  fgeky; vkSj pj.kksa esa >werk fgan egklkxj dfo dks Hkko&foHkksj djrk gSA) m\\u00a1Qpk [kM+k fgeky;] vkdk'k pwerk gS] uhps pj.k rys >qd] fur fla\\\/q >werk gSA xaxk ;equ f=kos.kh] ufn;k\\u00a1 ygj jgh gSa] txex NVk fujkyh] ix&ix Ngj jgh gSA og iq.;Hkwfe esjh] og Lo.kZHkwfe esjhA og tUeHkwfe esjh] og ekr`Hkwfe esjhA >jus vusd >jrs] ftldh igkfM+;ksa esa]  fpfM+;k\\u00a1 pgd jgh gSa] gks eLr >kfM+;ksa esaA vejkb;k\\u00a1 ?kuh gSa] dks;y iqdkjrh gS] cgrh ey; iou gS] ru&eu l\\u00a1okjrh gSA ekr`Hkwfe 1 1\"","\" og \\\/eZHkwfe esjh] og deZHkwfe esjh] og tUeHkwfe esjh] og ekr`Hkwfe esjhA tUes tgk\\u00a1 Fks j?kqifr] tUeh tgk\\u00a1 Fkh lhrk] Jho`Q\\\".k us lqukbZ] oa'kh iquhr xhrkA xkSre us tUe ysdj] ftldk lq;'k c<+k;k] tx dks n;k fl[kkbZ] tx dks fn;k fn[kk;kA og ;qn~\\\/Hkwfe esjh] og cqn~\\\/Hkwfe esjhA og ekr`Hkwfe esjh] og tUeHkwfe esjhA \\u03bclksguyky n~foosnh 2\"","\" 3 dfo ifjp; %  Jh lksguyky n~foosnh th dk tUe 22 iQjojh] 1906 esa mRrj izns'k esa gqvk FkkA n~foosnh th  jk\\\"V\\u00aah; dfo osQ :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA os egkRek xka\\\/h ls vR;f\\\/d izHkkfor FksA muosQ dkO; esa xka\\\/hoknh fopkj\\u00e8kkjk  ns[kus dks feyrh gSA mudh yksdfiz; jpuk,\\u00a1 gSa\\u03bc;qxkorkj xka\\\/h] [kknh xhr] HkSjoh] ;qxk\\\/kj] ck\\u00a1lqjh vkSj cPpksa osQ  fy, nw\\\/ crklk vkfnA budh e`R;q 1 ekpZ] 1988 esa gqbZA u, 'kCn fla\\\/q    \\u03bc lkxj] leqnz  vejkb;k\\u00a1 \\u03bc vke osQ ckx ;equ  \\u03bc ;equk unh  ey;    \\u03bc panu f=kos.kh  \\u03bc rhu ufn;ksa dk laxe  iquhr    \\u03bc ifo=k Ngj    \\u03bc fc[kj  lq;'k    \\u03bc lqdhfrZ] ;'kokyk iq.;Hkwfe \\u03bc ifo=k Hkwfe  ;qn~\\\/Hkwfe \\u03bc ;qn~\\\/ {ks=k vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills fgeky;         ;equ           f=kos.kh          Ngj          iq.;Hkwfe         Lo.kZHkwfe igkfM+;ksa        l\\u00a1okjrh        \\\/eZHkwfe        j?kqifr        iquhr           cqn~\\\/ dfork dh ckr   Comprehension Skills   1-  uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  ;g dfork fdl Hkko dks n'kkZrh gS\\\\   ([k)  dfork esa fgeky; dh D;k fo'ks\\\"krk,\\u00a1 crkbZ xbZ gSa\\\\   (x)  bl dfork esa dkSu&dkSu lh ufn;ksa dh ckr dh xbZ gS\\\\   (?k)  xkSre us tx dks D;k fl[kk;k\\\\       fyf[kr      (d)  vejkb;k\\u00a1 fdls dgk x;k gS\\\\   ([k)  dfo us Hkkjr dks ^\\\/eZHkwfe* D;ksa dgk gS\\\\   (x)  ey; iou ls dfo dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  ^ekr`Hkwfe* fdls dgrs gSa\\\\   ([k)  dfork dk ewyHkko vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A\"","\" 4   (x)  vk'k; Li\\\"V dhft,A  ( i )  tUes tgk\\u00a1 Fks j?kqifr] tUeh tgk\\u00a1 Fkh lhrk]     Jh\\u00d1\\\".k us lqukbZ] oa'kh iquhr xhrkA  ( ii )  xaxk ;equ f=kos.kh] ufn;k\\u00a1 ygj jgh gSa]     txex NVk fujkyh] ix&ix Ngj jgh gSA       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  bl dfork osQ dfo dk D;k uke gS\\\\  egkohj izlkn n~foosnh   eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr   lksguyky n~foosnh      ([k)  ^f=kos.kh* fdldk laxe gS\\\\  rhu ufn;ksa dk   rhu lkxjksa dk   rhu ns'kksa dk   2-  ifBr in~;ka'k dks i<+dj iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A xkSre us tUe ysdj] ftldk lq;'k c<+k;k] tx dks n;k fl[kkbZ] tx dks fn;k fn[kk;kA og ;qn~\\\/Hkwfe esjh] og cqn~\\\/Hkwfe esjh] og ekr`Hkwfe esjh] og tUeHkwfe esjhA      (d)  bu iafDr;ksa esa fdl egkiqjQ\\\"k osQ ckjs esa ckr dh tk jgh gS\\\\      ([k)  in~;ka'k esa ekr`Hkwfe dks D;k&D;k dgk x;k gS\\\\   (x)  ^fn;k* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\\\\ oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-  laKk \\u03bcfdlh O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku ;k Hkko osQ uke dks  laKk  dgrs gSaA laKk osQ rhu Hksn gSa\\u03bc \\u2022   tks 'kCn fdlh fo'ks\\\"k O;fDr] LFkku vFkok oLrq osQ uke dk cks\\\/ djkrs gSa] mUgsa  O;fDrokpd   laKk  dgrs  gSaA tSls\\u03bcfgeky;] ;equk vkfnA  \\u2022   ,sls 'kCn tks iwjh tkfr dk cks\\\/ djk,\\u00a1] mUgsa  tkfrokpd laKk  dgrs gSaA tSls\\u03bcigkM+] unh] fla\\\/q vkfnA \\u2022   tks 'kCn xq.k] fLFkfr] n'kk vFkok Hkko dk cks\\\/ djk,\\u00a1] mUgsa  Hkkookpd laKk  dgrs gSaA tSls\\u03bccpiu]  feBkl] cq<+kik vkfnA\"","\" 5      dfork ls ik\\u00a1p O;fDrokpd laKk 'kCn vkSj ik\\u00a1p tkfrokpd laKk 'kCn pqudj fyf[k,A    O;fDrokpd laKk  \\u03bc                                                                         tkfrokpd   laKk    \\u03bc                                                                    2-  if<+,   vkSj  lef>,A    \\u2022   rRle 'kCn \\u03bctks 'kCn laL\\u00d1r Hkk\\\"kk ls T;ksa osQ R;ksa fganh esa vk x, gSa] mUgsa  rRle 'kCn  dgrs gSaA  tSls\\u03bcvf{k] nqX\\\/ vkfnA    \\u2022   rn~Hko 'kCn \\u03bclaL\\u00d1r Hkk\\\"kk osQ os 'kCn tks fganh Hkk\\\"kk esa FkksM+s ifjorZu osQ lkFk iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa] mUgsa  rn~Hko 'kCn  dgrs gSaA tSls\\u03bcvk\\u00a1[k] nw\\\/ vkfnA      uhps fn, rRle 'kCnksa osQ rn~Hko :i fyf[k,A       fur   \\u03bc                           iq.;          \\u03bc                                   ix           \\u03bc                               mPp   \\u03bc                           Lo.kZ          \\u03bc                                   iquhr           \\u03bc                           3-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn dfork esa ls Nk\\u00a1Vdj fyf[k,A       v\\\/eZ   \\u03bc                         ej.k        \\u03bc                                 iki           \\u03bc                               vi;'k   \\u03bc                         uhpk        \\u03bc                                 ikrky           \\u03bc                           4-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ vyx&vyx vFkZ nsrs gq, okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,A      (d)     eu     \\u03bc                                                                                             eu         \\u03bc                                                                                    ([k)     tx     \\u03bc                                                                                             tx         \\u03bc                                                                                    (x)     fn;k     \\u03bc                                                                                             fn;k         \\u03bc                                                                                    (?k)     dj     \\u03bc                                                                                             dj         \\u03bc                                                                                    tks 'kCn ,d ls vf\\\/d vFkZ nsrs gSa] os  vusdkFkhZ 'kCn  dgykrs gSaA   5-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ opu cnydj fyf[k,A       igkM+h   \\u03bc                          unh         \\u03bc                                fpfM+;k         \\u03bc                             >kM+h   \\u03bc                          vejkbZ         \\u03bc                                ygj         \\u03bc                         6-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,A       vkdk'k   \\u03bc                           fla\\\/q          \\u03bc                                 xaxk         \\u03bc                             tx    \\u03bc                           unh          \\u03bc                                 dks;y         \\u03bc                       fuR;\"","\" 6   7-  lgh mRrj pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  buesa dkSu&lk 'kCn tkfrokpd laKk ugha gS\\u03bc  dks;y   fpfM+;k\\u00a1   xaxk      ([k)  ^gjk* 'kCn dh Hkkookpd laKk gS\\u03bc  gj   gfj;kyh   gjsd   (x)  ^m\\u00a1Qpk* 'kCn dh Hkkookpd laKk gS\\u03bc  m\\u00a1QpkbZ   mPp   mpd   (?k)  ^xkSre* mnkgj.k gS\\u03bc  O;fDrokpd laKk   Hkkookpd laKk   tkfrokpd laKk      (\\u00c4)  f=kos.kh dk vFkZ gS\\u03bc  rhu pksfV;k\\u00a1   rhu dh la[;k   rhu ufn;ksa dk laxe oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Writing and Speaking Skills   1-  ^esjk I;kjk ns'k* vFkok ^fgeky; % Hkkjr dh 'kku* bl fo\\\"k; ij yxHkx 200 'kCnksa esa ,d fuca\\\/ fyf[k,A   2-  fgeky; ioZr dkSu&dkSu ls ns'kksa ls gekjs ns'k dh j{kk djrk gS\\\\ blosQ fo\\\"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr djosQ  d{kk osQ cqysfVu cksMZ ij yxkb,A   3-  dfo lksguyky n~foosnh osQ O;fDrRo ,oa \\u00d1frRo ij ,d ifj;kstuk rS;kj dhft,A   4-  ^ekr`Hkwfe* ij fy[kh xbZ vU; dforkvksa dks baVjusV ls <w\\u00a1f<+, rFkk d{kk esa mldk lLoj okpu dhft,A   5-  d{kk esa pkj&pkj cPpksa osQ lewg cukdj dfork dk lLoj okpu dhft, vkSj vius fe=kksa dks crkb, fd  dfork eas D;k crk;k x;k gSA ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  vius ns'k dh mUufr osQ fy, vki fdl izdkj lg;ksx djsaxs\\\\   2-  fgeky; dks Hkkjr dk izgjh D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS\\\\ fo'ks\\\"k fcanq %  izR;sd Hkk\\\"kk dks fy[kus dh fyfi vyx&vyx gksrh gSA Hkkjr dh dbZ Hkk\\\"kk,\\u00a1 tSls\\u03bcfganh] laL\\u00d1r]  usikyh] ejkBh] dkasd.kh vkfn nsoukxjh fyfi esa fy[kh tkrh gSaA blh izdkj jkseu fyfi esa vaxzs\\u201dkh] izsaQp] teZu]  Lisfu'k vkfn Hkk\\\"kk,\\u00a1 fy[kh tkrh gSaA oqQN vU; fyfi;k\\u00a1 bl izdkj gSa\\u03bc mnwZ \\u03bc I + kQkjlh] iatkch \\u03bc xq#eq[kh] caxkyh \\u03bc ckaXykA\"","\" 7 (;g ,d O;aX;&iz\\\/ku dgkuh gS ftlesa Hkz\\\"Vkpkj dh leL;k dks vkSj mlosQ fuokj.k osQ mik;ksa dks euksjatd  :i ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA dgkuh esa euq\\\"; osQ cnyrs LoHkko dks fn[kk;k x;k gS tks ifjfLFkfro'k rFkk viuh  lqfo\\u00e8kkuqlkj cny tkrk gSA) ,d jkT; esa gYyk epk fd Hkz\\\"Vkpkj cgqr iSQy x;k gSA jktk us ,d fnu njckfj;ksa ls dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6iztk cgqr gYyk epk jgh gS fd lc txg Hkz\\\"Vkpkj iSQyk  gqvk gSA gesa rks vkt rd dgha ugha fn[kkA rqe yksxksa dks dgha fn[kk gks rks crkvksA \\u0327 njckfj;ksa us dgk\\u03bc \\u00b6tc gq\\u201dkwj dks ugha fn[kk] rks gesa oSQls fn[k ldrk gS\\\\ \\u0327 jktk us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6ugha] ,slk ugha gSA dHkh&dHkh tks eq>s ugha fn[krk gS] og rqEgsa fn[krk gksxkA  tSls eq>s cqjs lius ugha fn[krs] ij rqEgsa rks fn[krs gksaxsA \\u0327 njckfj;ksa us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6th] fn[krs gSaA ij og liuksa dh ckr gSA \\u0327 jktk us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6fiQj Hkh rqe yksx lkjs jkT; esa <w\\u00a1<+dj ns[kks fd dgha Hkz\\\"Vkpkj rks ugha gSA vxj  dgha fey tk, rks gekjs ns[kus osQ fy, uewuk ysrs vkukA ge Hkh rks ns[ksa fd ;g gksrk oSQlk gS\\\\ \\u0327 ,d njckjh us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6gq\\u201dkwj] og gesa ugha fn[ksxkA lquk gS] og cgqr ckjhd gksrk gSA gekjh vk\\u00a1[ksa  vkidh fojkVrk ns[kus dh bruh vknh gks xbZ gSa fd gesa ckjhd ph\\u201dksa fn[krh gh ughaA gesa Hkz\\\"Vkpkj  fn[kk Hkh rks mlesa gesa vkidh gh Nfo fn[ksxh] D;ksafd gekjh vk\\u00a1[kksa esa rks vkidh gh lwjr clh gSA  ij vius jkT; esa ,d tkfr jgrh gS] ftls ^fo'ks\\\"kK* dgrs gSaA bl tkfr osQ ikl oqQN ,slk vatu  lnkpkj dk rkohT+k 2 uq l l k k j j   c c n n y y   t t k k r r k k   g g S A A ) ) sa f S S\"","\" 8 gksrk gS fd mls vk\\u00a1[kksa esa vk\\u00a1tdj os ckjhd ph\\u201dk Hkh ns[k ysrs gSaA esjk fuosnu gS fd bu fo'ks\\\"kKksa  dks gh gq\\u201dkwj Hkz\\\"Vkpkj <w\\u00a1<+us dk dke lkSaisA \\u0327 jktk us ^fo'ks\\\"kK* tkfr osQ ik\\u00a1p vkneh cqyk, vkSj dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6lquk gS] gekjs jkT; esa Hkz\\\"Vkpkj gS]  ij og dgk\\u00a1 gS] ;g irk ugha pyrkA rqe yksx mldk irk yxkvksA vxj fey tk, rks idM+dj  gekjs ikl ys vkukA \\u0327 fo'ks\\\"kKksa us mlh fnu ls Nkuchu 'kq: dj nhA nks eghus ckn os iqu% njckj esa gkf\\u201dkj gq,A jktk  us iwNk\\u03bc\\u00b6fo'ks\\\"kKksa] rqEgkjh tk\\u00a1p iwjh gks xbZ\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6th] ljdkjA \\u0327 \\u00b6D;k rqEgsa Hkz\\\"Vkpkj feyk\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6th] cgqr&lk feykA \\u0327 jktk us gkFk c<+k;k\\u03bc\\u00b6ykvks] eq>s fn[kkvksA ns[kw\\u00a1] oSQlk gksrk gS\\\\ \\u0327 fo'ks\\\"kK cksyk\\u03bc\\u00b6og LFkwy ugha lw{e gS] vxkspj gS] ij og loZ=k O;kIr gSA mls ns[kk ugha tk  ldrk] vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA \\u0327 jktk lksp esa iM+ x,] cksys\\u03bc\\u00b6fo'ks\\\"kKks] rqe dgrs gks fd og lw{e gS] vxkspj gS vkSj loZO;kih  gSA ;s xq.k rks bZ'oj osQ gSaA rks D;k Hkz\\\"Vkpkj bZ'oj gS\\\\ \\u0327 fo'ks\\\"kKksa us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6gk\\u00a1] egkjkt] vc Hkz\\\"Vkpkj bZ'oj gks x;k gSA \\u0327 ,d njckjh us iwNk\\u03bc\\u00b6ij og gS dgk\\u00a1\\\\ oSQls vuqHko gksrk gS\\\\ \\u0327 fo'ks\\\"kKksa us tokc fn;k\\u03bc\\u00b6og loZ=k gSA og bl Hkou esa gSA og egkjkt osQ flagklu esa gSA \\u0327 \\u00b6flagklu esa gS\\\\ \\u0327\\u03bcdgdj jktk lkgc mNydj nwj [kM+s gks x,A fo'ks\\\"kKksa us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6gk\\u00a1 ljdkj] flagklu esa gSA fiNys ekg bl flagklu ij jax djus osQ fy,  ftl fcy dk Hkqxrku fd;k x;k Fkk] og fcy >wBk FkkA og okLro esa nqxqus nke dk FkkA vk\\\/k  iSlk chpokys [kk x,A vkiosQ iwjs 'kklu esa Hkz\\\"Vkpkj gS vkSj og eq[;r% ?kwl osQ :i esa gSA \\u0327 fo'ks\\\"kKksa dh ckr lqudj jktk fpafrr gks x, vkSj njckfj;ksa osQ dku [kM+s gks x,A jktk us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6;g rks cM+h fpark dh ckr gSA ge Hkz\\\"Vkpkj fcyoqQy feVkuk pkgrs gSaA fo'ks\\\"kKks]  rqe crk ldrs gks fd og oSQls feV ldrk gS\\\\ \\u0327 fo'ks\\\"kKksa us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6gk\\u00a1 egkjkt] geus mldh Hkh ;kstuk rS;kj dh gSA Hkz\\\"Vkpkj feVkus osQ fy,  egkjkt dks O;oLFkk esa cgqr ifjorZu djus gksaxsA ,d rks Hkz\\\"Vkpkj osQ ekSosQ feVkus gksaxsA tSls  Bsdk gS] rks BsosQnkj gS vkSj BsosQnkj gS] rks vf\\\/dkfj;ksa osQ fy, ?kwl gSA Bsdk feV tk,] rks mldh  ?kwl feV tk,A blh rjg vkSj Hkh cgqr&lh ph\\u201dksa gSaA fdu dkj.kksa ls vkneh ?kwl ysrk gS] ;g Hkh  fopkj.kh; gSA \\u0327 jktk us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6vPNk] rqe viuh iwjh ;kstuk j[k tkvksA ge vkSj gekjs njckjh ml ij fopkj  djsaxsA \\u0327\"","\" 9 fo'ks\\\"kK pys x,A jktk us njckfj;ksa osQ lkFk feydj Hkz\\\"Vkpkj feVkus dh ;kstuk dks i<+kA ml  ij fopkj fd;kA fopkj djrs fnu chrus yxs vkSj jktk dk LokLF; fcxM+us yxkA ,d fnu ,d  njckjh us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6egkjkt] fpark osQ dkj.k vkidk LokLF; fcxM+rk tk jgk gSA mu fo'ks\\\"kKksa us  vkidks >a>V esa Mky fn;kA \\u0327 jktk us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6ij djsa D;k\\\\ rqe yksxksa us Hkh Hkz\\\"Vkpkj feVkus dh ;kstuk dk v\\u00e8;;u fd;k gSA  rqEgkjk D;k er gS\\\\ D;k mls dke esa ykuk pkfg,\\\\ \\u0327 njckfj;ksa us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6egkjkt] ;g ;kstuk D;k gS] ,d eqlhcr gSA muosQ vuqlkj fdrus myV&isQj  djus iM+saxs fdruh ijs'kkuh gksxh! lkjh O;oLFkk myV&iyV gks tk,xhA tks pyk vk jgk gS] mls  cnyus ls ubZ&ubZ dfBukb;k\\u00a1 iSnk gks ldrh gSaA gesa rks dksbZ ,slh rjdhc pkfg,] ftlls fcuk oqQN  myV&isQj fd, Hkz\\\"Vkpkj feV tk,A \\u0327 jktk lkgc cksys\\u03bc\\u00b6eSa Hkh ;gh pkgrk gw\\u00a1] ij ;g gks oSQls\\\\ gekjs izfirkeg dks rks tknw vkrk  Fkk] gesa og Hkh ugha vkrkA rqe yksx gh dksbZ mik;  [kkstksA \\u0327 ,d fnu njckfj;ksa us jktk osQ lkeus ,d  lk\\\/q dks is'k fd;k vkSj dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6egkjkt] ,d  oaQnjk esa riL;k djrs gq,] bu egku lk\\\/d dks  ge ys vk, gSaA bUgksaus lnkpkj dk rkoh\\u201dk cuk;k  gSA og ea=kksa ls fln~\\\/ gS vkSj mlosQ ck\\u00a1\\\/us ls  vkneh ,dne lnkpkjh gks tkrk gSA \\u0327 lk\\\/q us vius >ksys esa ls rkoh\\u201dk fudkydj  jktk  dks  fn;k]  jktk  us  mls  ns[kkA  cksys\\u03bc\\u00b6gs!   lk\\\/q] bl rkoh\\u201dk osQ fo\\\"k; esa eq>s foLrkj ls  crkvksA blls vkneh lnkpkjh oSQls gks tkrk gS\\\\ \\u0327 lk\\\/q  us  le>k;k\\u03bc\\u00b6egkjkt]  Hkz\\\"Vkpkj  vkSj   lnkpkj euq\\\"; dh vkRek esa gksrk gS] ckgj ls ugha vkrkA fo\\\/krk tc euq\\\"; dks cukrk gS] rc fdlh  dh vkRek esa bZekunkjh dh dy fiQV dj nsrk gS vkSj fdlh dh vkRek esa csbZekuh dhA bl dy  esa ls bZeku ;k csbZekuh osQ Loj fudyrs gSa] ftUgsa ^vkRek dh iqdkj* dgrs gSaA vkRek dh iqdkj  osQ vuqlkj gh vkneh dke djrk gSA iz'u ;g gS fd ftudh vkRek ls csbZekuh osQ Loj fudyrs  gSa] mUgsa nckdj bZekunkjh osQ Loj oSQls fudkys tk,\\u00a1\\\\ eSa dbZ o\\\"kks\\u00b1 ls blh fparu esa yxk gw\\u00a1A vHkh  eSaus ;g lnkpkj dk rkoh\\u201dk cuk;k gS] ftl vkneh dh Hkqtk ij ;g c\\u00a1\\\/k gksxk] og lnkpkjh gks  tk,xkA eSaus oqQRrs ij Hkh iz;ksx fd;k gSA ;g rkoh\\u201dk xys esa ck\\u00a1\\\/ nsus ls oqQRrk Hkh jksVh ugha pqjkrkA  ckr ;g gS fd bl rkoh\\u201dk esa ls Hkh lnkpkj osQ Loj fudyrs gSaA tc fdlh dh vkRek csbZekuh \"","\" 10 osQ Loj fudkyus yxrh gS] rc bl rkoh\\u201dk dh 'kfDr vkRek dk xyk ?kksaV nsrh gS vkSj vkneh dks  rkoh\\u201dk osQ bZeku osQ Loj lqukbZ iM+rs gSaA og bu Lojksa dks vkRek dh iqdkj le>dj lnkpkj dh  vksj izsfjr gksrk gSA ;gh bl rkoh\\u201dk dk xq.k gS egkjkt! \\u0327 njckj esa gypy ep xbZA njckjh mB&mBdj rkoh\\u201dk dks ns[kus yxsA jktk us [kq'k gksdj dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6eq>s ugha ekywe Fkk fd esjs jkT; esa ,sls peRdkjh lk\\\/q Hkh gSaA egkReu~  ge vkiosQ cgqr vkHkkjh gSaA vkius gekjk ladV gj fy;kA ge loZO;kih Hkz\\\"Vkpkj ls ,d dkj[kkuk  [kksy nsrs gSaA vki mlosQ tujy eSustj cu tk,\\u00a1 vkSj viuh ns[kjs[k esa cf<+;k rkoh\\u201dk cuok,\\u00a1A \\u0327 ,d ea=kh us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6egkjkt] jkT; D;ksa bl >a>V esa iM+s\\\\ esjk rks fuosnu gS fd lk\\\/q ckck dks  Bsdk ns fn;k tk,A os viuh eaMyh ls rkoh\\u201dk cuokdj jkT; dks lIykbZ dj nsaxsA \\u0327 jktk dks ;g lq>ko ilan vk;kA lk\\\/q dks rkoh\\u201dk cukus dk Bsdk ns fn;k x;kA mlh le; ik\\u00a1p  djksM+ jQi;s dkj[kkuk [kksyus osQ fy, is'kxh fey xbZA jkT; osQ v[kckjksa esa [kcjsa Niha\\u03bc\\u00b6lnkpkj osQ rkoh\\u201dk dh [kkstA rkoh\\u201dk cukus dk dkj[kkuk  [kqykA \\u0327 yk[kksa rkoh\\u201dk cu x,A ljdkj osQ gqDe ls gj ljdkjh deZpkjh dh Hkqtk ij ,d&,d  rkoh\\u201dk ck\\u00a1\\\/ fn;k x;kA Hkz\\\"Vkpkj dh leL;k dk ,slk ljy gy fudy vkus ls jktk vkSj  njckjh lc [kq'k FksA ,d fnu jktk dh mRlqdrk tkxhA mUgksaus  lkspk\\u03bc\\u00b6ns[ksa rks fd ;g rkoh\\u201dk oSQls dke djrk gS\\\\ \\u0327 os os'k  cnydj ,d dk;kZy; x,A ml fnu 2 rkjh[k FkhA ,d fnu  igys gh ru[okg feyh FkhA os ,d deZpkjh osQ ikl x,  vkSj dbZ dke crkdj mls ik\\u00a1p jQi;s dk uksV nsus yxsA deZpkjh us mUgsa Mk\\u00a1Vk\\u03bc\\u00b6Hkkx tkvks ;gk\\u00a1 ls! ?kwl ysuk  iki gSA \\u0327 jktk cgqr [kq'k gq,A rkoh\\u201dk us deZpkjh dks bZekunkj cuk  fn;kA oqQN fnu ckn og fiQj os'k cnydj mlh deZpkjh osQ  ikl x,A ml fnu bdrhl rkjh[k Fkh\\u03bceghus dk vkf[kjh fnuA  jktk us mls ik\\u00a1p dk uksV fn[kk;k vkSj mlus ysdj tsc esa j[k fy;kA jktk us mldk gkFk idM+  fy;k] cksys\\u03bc\\u00b6eSa rqEgkjk jktk gw\\u00a1A D;k rqe vkt lnkpkj dk rkoh\\u201dk ck\\u00a1\\\/dj ugha vk,\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6ck\\u00a1\\\/k gS ljdkj] ;g nsf[k,! \\u0327 mlus vkLrhu p<+kdj rkoh\\u201dk fn[kk fn;kA jktk vleatl esa iM+ x,] fiQj ,slk oSQls gks x;k\\\\ mUgksaus rkoh\\u201dk ij dku yxkdj lqukA rkoh\\u201dk esa Loj fudy jgs Fks\\u03bc\\u00b6vjs] vkt bdrhl gSA vkt  rks ys ys! \\u0327 \\u03bcgfj'kadj ijlkbZ\"","\" 11 ys[kd ifjp; %  gfj'kadj ijlkbZ dk tUe 22 vxLr] 1922 dks e\\u00e8; izns'k osQ gks'kaxkckn ftys esa gqvk FkkA bUgksaus  ukxiqj fo'ofon~;ky; ls ,e- ,- fganh dh ijh{kk ikl dhA blosQ ckn Lora=k :i ls ys[ku dk;Z vkjaHk fd;kA ;s  eq[; :i ls O;aX;dkj FksA bUgksaus vius O;ax osQ n~okjk euq\\\"; vkSj lekt dh folaxfr;ksa dks fpf=kr fd;k gSA budh  izeq[k jpuk,\\u00a1 gSa\\u03bcjkuh ukxI + kQuh dh dgkuh] rV dh [kkst (miU;kl)] tSls muosQ fnu fiQjs (dgkuh)] rc dh ckr  vkSj Hkh] Hkwr osQ ik\\u00a1o ihNs] csbZekuh dh ijr (fuca\\\/&laxzg)] frjNh js[kk,\\u00a1] fBBqjrk gqvk x.kra=k (O;aX; fuca\\\/)A u, 'kCn Hkz\\\"Vkpkj  \\u03bc csbZekuh  ;kstuk   \\u03bc dk;Z djus dh :ijs[kk fojkVrk  \\u03bc vR;ar fo'kky  izfirkeg \\u03bc ijnknk] ijczg~e Nfo    \\u03bc 'kksHkk] lqanjrk  oaQnjk   \\u03bc xqI + kQk fo'ks\\\"kK  \\u03bc fo\\\"k; dk fo'ks\\\"k Kku j[kusokyk  lnkpkj  \\u03bc vPNk vkpj.k vatu   \\u03bc dkty  rkoh\\u201dk   \\u03bc j{kk&dop LFkwy    \\u03bc eksVk  dy    \\u03bc e'khu] ;a=k lw{e    \\u03bc ckjhd  fparu   \\u03bc \\u00e8;ku] eu gh eu esa fd;k vxkspj  \\u03bc vizdV      tkusokyk foospu loZO;kih \\u03bc gj rjI + kQ iSQyk gqvk  izsfjr    \\u03bc izsj.kk izkIr Hkqxrku  \\u03bc pqdkus dh voLFkk  is'kxh   \\u03bc vfxze jkf'k] fu;r frfFk osQ ?kwl     \\u03bc fj'or      igys gh ns fn;k x;k osru vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills Hkz\\\"Vkpkj         fo'ks\\\"kK         vk\\u00a1tdj         vxkspj         loZO;kih         flagklu vleatl        izfirkeg        peRdkjh        dk;kZy;        rkjh[k          vkLrhu ikB dh ckr   Comprehension Skills \\u2022   uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  jktk us njckfj;ksa dks D;ksa cqyk;k\\\\   ([k)  njckfj;ksa us Hkz\\\"Vkpkj u fn[kus dk D;k dkj.k crk;k\\\\   (x)  fo'ks\\\"kKksa dks D;ksa cqyk;k x;k\\\\   (?k)  Hkz\\\"Vkpkj osQ ckjs esa fo'ks\\\"kKksa dk D;k dguk Fkk\\\\      (\\u00c4)  jktk igyh ckj os'k cnydj dk;kZy; dc x, Fks\\\\\"","\" 12       fyf[kr      (d)  jktk us fo'ks\\\"kK tkfr osQ fdrus vkneh cqyk,\\\\   ([k)  ^vkRek dh iqdkj* dk D;k vFkZ gS\\\\   (x)  ^rkoh\\u201dk* cukus dk Bsdk fdls fn;k x;k\\\\   (?k)  rS;kj gksus osQ ckn rkoh\\u201dk fdl&fdlosQ ck\\u00a1\\\/k x;k\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  jktk us Hkz\\\"Vkpkj dks bZ'oj osQ leku D;ksa ekuk\\\\   ([k)  lk\\\/q us rkoh\\u201dk dk iz;ksx lcls igys fdl ij fd;k\\\\   (x)  lk\\\/q osQ vuqlkj rkoh\\u201dk osQ D;k xq.k Fks\\\\   (?k)  fo'ks\\\"kKksa us Hkz\\\"Vkpkj feVkus osQ fy, D;k mik; crk,\\\\       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  jktk us Hkz\\\"Vkpkj <w\\u00a1<+us dk dke fdls fn;k\\\\  njckfj;ksa dks   turk dks   fo'ks\\\"kKksa dks      ([k)  lk\\\/q us >ksys esa ls fudkydj jktk dks D;k fn;k\\\\  Hkz\\\"Vkpkj   #i,   rkoh\\u201dk   (x)  lk\\\/q osQ vuqlkj euq\\\"; dh vkRek esa D;k gksrk gS\\\\  lnkpkj vkSj Hkz\\\"Vkpkj   izse vkSj bZ\\\";kZ   yM+uk vkSj >xM+uk oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-  if<+,  vkSj  lef>,A \\u2022   tks 'kCnka'k fdlh 'kCn ls igys tqM+dj mlosQ vFkZ esa ifjorZu ;k fo'ks\\\"krk ykrs gSa] mUgsa  milxZ  dgrs  gSaA tSls\\u03bcfopkj 'kCn esa ^pkj* ewy 'kCn gSA blosQ igys ^fo* milxZ tksM+dj ^fopkj* 'kCn cuk gSA \\u2022   tks 'kCnka'k fdlh 'kCn osQ var esa tqM+dj mlosQ vFkZ esa ifjorZu ;k fo'ks\\\"krk ykrs gSa] mUgsa  izR;;  dgrs  gSaA tSls\\u03bc^mRlqdrk* 'kCn esa ^mRlqd* ewy 'kCn gSA blosQ var esa ^rk* 'kCnka'k tksM+dj ^mRlqdrk* 'kCn  cuk gSA      uhps fn, 'kCnksa ls milxZ vkSj ewy 'kCn vyx dhft,A 'kCn         milxZ          ewy         'kCn    'kCn         milxZ         ewy         'kCn       vR;kpkj   \\u03bc                                      vxkspj      \\u03bc                                         loZO;kih   \\u03bc                                      izfirkeg      \\u03bc                                         csbZekuh   \\u03bc                                      vuq'kklu      \\u03bc                                       vfr   vkpkj\"","\" 13   2-  uhps fn, mnwZ 'kCnksa osQ fganh i;kZ; fyf[k,A       gq\\u201dkwj   \\u03bc                          gqDe         \\u03bc                               is'kxh        \\u03bc                            gkf\\u201dkj   \\u03bc                          rkjh[k         \\u03bc                               ckjhd        \\u03bc                            vkf[kjh   \\u03bc                          rjdhc         \\u03bc                               ru[okg        \\u03bc                        3-  uhps fn, okD;ka'k osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,A      tks gj rjI + kQ iSQyk gks  \\u03bc                   dk;Z ls iwoZ dh xbZ :ijs[kk   \\u03bc                   uSfrd iw.kZ vkpj.k djusokyk \\u03bc                   fo\\\"k; dk fo'ks\\\"k Kku j[kusokyk \\u03bc                   eu gh eu fopkj djuk     \\u03bc                   lansg dh fLFkfr esa iM+uk  \\u03bc                4-  uhps fn, x, vusdkFkhZ 'kCnksa osQ vyx&vyx vFkZ fy[kdj okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,A      (d)     gj     \\u03bc                                                                                             gj         \\u03bc                                                                                    ([k)     dy     \\u03bc                                                                                             dy         \\u03bc                                                                                    (x)     ij     \\u03bc                                                                                             ij         \\u03bc                                                                               oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Social and Creative Skills   1-  vkt gekjk ns'k dbZ leL;kvksa ls tw> jgk gSA buesa ls fdlh ,d leL;k dks dkVwZu cukdj izLrqr dhft,  vkSj mldk lans'k fyf[k,A   2-  equkI + kQk[kksjh osQ fo#n~\\\/ ,d foKkiu rS;kj dhft,A   3-  lekt esa iSQyk Hkz\\\"Vkpkj fdl izdkj ns'k osQ fodkl esa #dkoV iSnk djrk gS] bl ij d{kk esa ,d ifjppkZ  dk vk;kstu dhft,A   4-  lekpkj&i=k osQ laiknd dks i=k fyf[k, ftlesa lekt esa iSQys Hkz\\\"Vkpkj osQ izfr fpark O;Dr dh xbZ gksA   5-  gfj'kadj ijlkbZ dh oqQN dgkfu;k\\u00a1 iqLrdky; ls ysdj if<+, vkSj muesa ls oqQN jpukvksa dks ukVd esa  cnydj vfHku; dhft,A ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  vkiosQ vuqlkj Hkz\\\"Vkpkj dks nwj djus osQ fy, ljdkj dks D;k&D;k mik; djus pkfg,\\\\   2-  vkt gekjs pkjksa vksj Hkz\\\"Vkpkj dk cksyckyk gSA os dkSu&ls ,sls vkpj.k gSa ftuls gesa cpuk pkfg,\\\\   3-  Hkz\\\"Vkpkj dks dkSu c<+kok nsrk gS\\\\\"","\" 14 oxZ&igsyh   \\u2022   leJqfr fHkUukFkZd 'kCnksa ls oxZ&igsyh dks iwjk dhft,A l lw lq ek x'k ?k r` l M+ =k u jfp\\\/Z ph vkS fn vks nh 1 10 7 8 6 4 9 5 3 2 1 2 3 5 4 6 7 8 9 10       laosQr   %     mQij ls uhps   ck,\\u00a1 ls nk,\\u00a1        1-       \\\/kxk        1-       csVk        2-        leqnk;        2-       lkFk        3-       ikuh        3-       ?kksalyk        4-       osQoy        4-       ekrk        5-       iqjkuk        5-       oL=k        6-       xjhc        6-       e`R;q        7-       ck.k        7-       rkykc        8-       rFkk        8-       rjI + kQ        9-       fnol        9-       nfjnz       10-      vknj       10-      cjkcj fo'ks\\\"k fcanq %  fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk ek\\u00e8;e Hkk\\\"kk gSA Hkk\\\"kk dk LFkkuh;@{ks=kh; :i cksyh gSA cksyh osQoy  ,d lhfer {ks=k rd gh lhfer gksrh gSA blesa lkfgR; dh jpuk ugha gksrhA ljdkjh dkedkt esa Hkh bldk iz;ksx  ugha gksrkA ijarq tc cksyh esa lkfgR; dh jpuk gksus yxs rc cksyh miHkk\\\"kk cu tkrh gSA Hkk\\\"kk  \\u03bc fganh] vaxzs\\u201dkh] mfM+;k] ejkBh] rfey  cksyh \\u03bc gfj;k.koh] Hkkstiqjh] jktLFkkuh] vo\\\/h] czt miHkk\\\"kk \\u03bc cztHkk\\\"kk] vo\\\/h] Hkkstiqjh\"","\" 15 (izLrqr ikB esa lqn'kZu th us rkulsu vkSj cStw ckojk osQ chp gq, xk;u eqdkcys dk lqanj fp=k.k izLrqr fd;k gSA  rkulsu vdcj osQ izeq[k xk;d Fks vkSj mlosQ pgsrs Hkh FksA muosQ vfHkeku dks cStw ckojk us u osQoy rksM+k vfirq  xk;dksa osQ vkxjk dh lhekvksa esa izos'k djus ij yxh jksd Hkh gVok fn;kA) losjs dk le; FkkA ckjg ?kaVksa osQ yxkrkj laxzke osQ ckn izdk'k us va\\\/dkj ij fot; izkIr dh  FkhA bl vkuan esa ckx osQ iwQy >we jgs Fks vkSj i{khx.k e\\\/qj laxhr esa eLr FksA o`{kksa dh 'kk[kk,\\u00a1  lqxaf\\\/r iou esa [ksy jgh Fkha vkSj iRrs g\\\"kZ ls rkfy;k\\u00a1 ctk jgs FksA izdk'k dk jkT; Fkk vkSj loZ=k  vkuan dh o\\\"kkZ gks jgh FkhA brus esa lk\\\/qvksa dh ,d eaMyh uxj osQ vanj i\\\/kjhA ;s Lora=k iz\\u00d1fr osQ bZ'oj  HkDr Fks vkSj gfj&Hktu esa rYyhu gksdj lalkj dk ifjR;kx dj pqosQ FksA tks lalkj  dks R;kx pqosQ Fks] mudks lqj&rky dh D;k ijokg FkhA dksbZ  lqj  mQij  p<+krk  Fkk]  dksbZ  eq\\u00a1g  ls   xquxqukrk  FkkA  ;s  vius  jkx  esa  exu  Fks  fd   flikfg;ksa  us  vkdj  ?ksjk  Mky  fn;k  vkSj   gFkdfM+;k\\u00a1 igukdj mUgsa vdcj osQ njckj  esa ys pysA vdcj eqxy ckn'kkg FksA muosQ  izfln~\\\/ xoS;s rkulsu us ;g 'krZ j[kh Fkh fd  tks euq\\\"; xku&fon~;k esa esjh cjkcjh u dj  losQ] og vkxjk dh lhek osQ vanj u xk,]  vkSj ;fn mlus ,slk fd;k rks og e`R;qnaM  dk ik=k le>k tk,xkA cspkjs ouoklh  lk\\u00e8kqvksa dks irk u FkkA ijarq vKkurk  Hkh ,d vijk\\\/ gSA vfHk;qDr njckj esa  is'k fd, x,A rkulsu us xku&fon~;k osQ  oqQN iz'u fd,A lk\\\/q mRrj esa eq\\u00a1g rkdus  yxsA vdcj osQ gksaB fgys vkSj lc osQ  lc lk\\\/q rkulsu dh n;k ij NksM+ fn, x,A mlesa n;k dk Hkko de Fkk] e`R;qnaM dh vkKk gqbZA  osQoy ,d nl o\\\"kZ dk ckyd NksM+ fn;k x;kA vcks\\\/ ckyd gS] bldk nks\\\"k ughaA xku&;qn~\\\/k 3\"","\" 16 ckyd jksrk gqvk vkxjk osQ ck\\u201dkkjksa ls fudyk vkSj flj ihVrk gqvk taxy esa tkdj viuh oqQfV;k  esa ysVdj rM+ius yxkA \\u00b6ckck] rw dgk\\u00a1 gS\\\\ vc dkSu eq>s I;kj djsxk vkSj dkSu eq>s HkfDr dk ekxZ  crk,xk\\\\ esjs ckck dks Nhu fy;k vkSj eq>s bl vFkkg lalkj esa vukFk cukdj NksM+ fn;kA vc esjk  dkSu ikyu&iks\\\"k.k djsxk vkSj ?kksj ladVksa ls j{kk  djsxk\\\\ \\u0327 bUgha fopkjksa esa Mwck gqvk ckyd nsj  rd jksrk jgkA brus esa [kM+km\\u00a1Q igus gq,] gkFk  esa ekyk fy, gq,] ^jke&jke* tirs ckck  'kadjkuan oqQfV;k osQ vanj vk, vkSj dgus  yxs\\u03bc\\u00b6cStw csVk! v'kkar er gksA \\u0327 cStw  ?kcjkdj mBk vkSj egkRek osQ pj.kksa  ls fyiV x;kA fcy[k&fcy[kdj jksrs  gq, cStw us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6egkjkt! esjs lkFk  vuFkZ gqvk gS] eq> ij otz fxjk gSA \\u0327 'kadjkuan cksys\\u03bc\\u00b6'kkafr] 'kkafrA \\u0327 cStw  jksrs  gq,  cksyk\\u03bc\\u00b6egkjkt!   rkulsu us eq>s rckg dj fn;kA \\u0327 'kadjkuan us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6'kkafr] 'kkafrA \\u0327 cStw   us   pj.kksa   ls   fyiVdj    dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6xqjQoj! 'kkafr tk pqdh gSA vc eq>s izfrfgalk dh bPNk gS] izfrdkj dh vkdka{kk gSA \\u0327 'kadjkuan us cStw dks mBkdj \\u00e2n; ls yxk;k vkSj dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6rq>s og 'kL=k nw\\u00a1xk ftlls rw vius firk  dh e`R;q dk cnyk ys losQA \\u0327 cStw mNy iM+k vkSj cksyk\\u03bc\\u00b6dgk\\u00a1 gS og 'kL=k\\\\ \\u0327 'kadjkuan us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6mlosQ fy, ckjg o\\\"kZ riL;k djuh gksxhA \\u0327 cStw us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6eSa bl le; xqLls ls ikxy gks jgk gw\\u00a1A ckjg o\\\"kZ D;k] eSa thouHkj foifRr;k\\u00a1  mBkm\\u00a1Qxk] d\\\"V lg\\u00a1wxk] HkfDr d:\\u00a1 xk] ri d:\\u00a1 xkA ijarq og 'kL=k vo'; yw\\u00a1xk ftlls izfrfgalk dh  vfXu 'kkar gks tk,A D;k ckjg o\\\"kZ osQ ckn og fey tk,xk\\\\ \\u0327 'kadjkuan us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6gk\\u00a1A \\u0327 cStw >qd x;k\\u03bc\\u00b6vki lk{kkr bZ'oj gSaA vkidk midkj vktUe ugha Hkwyw\\u00a1xkA \\u0327 bl ?kVuk dks ckjg o\\\"kZ chr x,A txr esa cgqr ls ifjorZu gks x,] dbZ cfLr;k\\u00a1 mtM+ xb\\u00b1] ou  cl x,] cw<+s ej x,] u, yksx iSnk gks x,] tks rjQ.k Fks] muosQ osQ'k 'osr gks x,A cStw ckojk rjQ.k gks pqdk Fkk vkSj xku&fon~;k esa fnu&ij&fnu vkxs c<+ jgk FkkA mlosQ Loj esa  tknw Fkk vkSj rku esa ,d vk'p;Ze;h eksfguh vk xbZ FkhA xkrk Fkk rks iRFkj rd fi?ky tkrs vkSj \"","\" 17 i{kh eqX\\\/ gks tkrs FksA ,d fnu 'kadjkuan us g\\u00a1ldj dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6esjs ikl tks oqQN Fkk] rq>s ns MkykA cStw!  rw iw.kZ xa\\\/oZ gks x;k gS] vc esjs ikl vkSj oqQN ugha gSA vc rqEgsa ,d xqjQ&nf{k.kk nsuh gksxhA \\u0327 cStw gkFk tksM+dj cksyk\\u03bc\\u00b6xqjQoj! vkidk midkj tUe Hkj flj ls u mrjsxkA vkKk djsaA \\u0327 'kadjkuan cksys\\u03bc\\u00b6izfrKk djksA \\u0327 cStw us fcuk lksps&fopkjs dg fn;k\\u03bc\\u00b6izfrKk djrk gw\\u00a1 fd ---A \\u0327 'kadjkuan us okD; dks iwjk  fd;k --- \\u00b6bl jkx&fon~;k ls fdlh dks gkfu ugha igq\\u00a1pkm\\u00a1QxkA \\u0327 cStw dk jDr lw[k x;k] iSj yM+[kM+kus yxsA ckjg o\\\"kZ osQ ifjJe ij ikuh fiQj x;kA cnys osQ  fy, Nqjh gkFk esa vkbZ rks xqjQ us izfrKk ysdj oaqQn dj nhA cStw us gksaB dkVs] nk\\u00a1r ihls] og [kwu  dk ?kw\\u00a1V ihdj jg x;kA exj xq# osQ lkeus mlosQ eq\\u00a1g ls ,d 'kCn Hkh u fudykA oqQN fnu ckn ,d lqanj uo;qod lk\\\/q vkxjk osQ ck\\u201dkkjksa esa xkrk gqvk tk jgk FkkA nqdkunkjksa  vkSj jkgxhjksa us le>k fd e`R;q blosQ flj ij eaMjk jgh gSA mUgksaus lkspk fd mls rkulsu dh 'krZ  dh lwpuk ns nsaA ijarq fudV igq\\u00a1pus ls iwoZ gh eqX\\\/ gksdj vius vki dks Hkwy x,A ;g lekpkj  uxj esa nkokuy osQ leku iSQy x;k fd ,d lk\\\/q vk;k gS] tks ck\\u201dkkjksa esa xk jgk gSA flikfg;ksa us gFkdfM+;k\\u00a1 l\\u00a1Hkky yha vkSj idM+us osQ fy, lk\\\/q dh vksj vk,] ijarq ikl vkuk Fkk  fd jax iyV x;kA lk\\\/q osQ eq[keaMy ls rst dh jf'e;k\\u00a1 iwQV&iwQVdj fudy jgh FkhaA os vk'p;Z  ls mlosQ eq[k dh vksj ns[kus yxs] tgk\\u00a1 ljLorh dk okl Fkk vkSj tgk\\u00a1 ls laxhr dh e\\\/qj \\u00e8ofu  dh \\\/kjk cg jgh FkhA lk\\\/q eLr Fkk vkSj lquus okys eLr FksA xkrs&xkrs lk\\\/q Hkh \\\/hjs&\\\/hjs pyrk tk jgk Fkk vkSj  Jksrkvksa dk leqnk; Hkh ihNs&ihNs tk jgk FkkA eqX\\\/ tu leqnk; pyrk x;k] ijarq fdlh dks irk  ugha fd fd\\\/j tk jgs gSaA tc ,dk,d xkuk can gks x;k] tknw dk vlj VwV x;k] rc yksxksa us  ns[kk fd rkulsu osQ egy osQ vkxs [kM+s gSaA mUgksaus nq[k vkSj i'pkrki ls gkFk eys\\u03bc\\u00b6gk; js! ;g  dgk\\u00a1 vk x,\\\\ lk\\\/q vKku ls Lo;a e`R;q osQ n~okj vk igq\\u00a1pk gSA \\u0327 rkulsu ckgj fudyk] vikj HkhM+  ns[kdj og fofLer gqvkA fiQj ckr le>dj cStw ls cksyk\\u03bc\\u00b6gk\\u00a1] rqEgkjs flj ij vkt 'kk;n e`R;q  lokj gks jgh gSA \\u0327 uo;qod lk\\\/q eqldjk;k\\u03bc\\u00b6th gk\\u00a1] esjh vkiosQ lkFk xku&fon~;k ij ppkZ djus  dh vfHkyk\\\"kk gSA \\u0327 rkulsu us csijokgh ls mRrj fn;k\\u03bc\\u00b6gk\\u00a1] viuh bPNk iwjh djksA \\u0327 rHkh flikfg;ksa dks gFkdfM+;ksa  dk \\u00e8;ku vk;kA os vkxs c<+s vkSj mUgksaus uo;qod lk\\\/q osQ gkFkksa esa gFkdfM+;k\\u00a1 iguk nhaA HkfDr  dk rk\\u00a1rk VwV x;k] Jn~\\\/k osQ Hkko idM+s tkus osQ Hk; ls mM+ x, vkSj yksx b\\\/j&m\\\/j Hkkxus yxsA  flikgh dksM+s cjlkus yxs vkSj yksxksa osQ frrj&fcrj gks tkus osQ ckn uo;qod lk\\\/q dks njckj dh  vksj ys pysA njckj dh vksj ls 'krs\\u00b1 lqukbZ xb\\u00b1 fd dy izkr%dky uxj osQ ckgj ou esa rqe nksuksa  dk xku&;qn~\\\/ gksxkA ;fn rqe gkj x, rks rqEgsa e`R;qnaM nsus dk rkulsu dks iw.kZ vf\\\/dkj gksxk vkSj  ;fn rqeus mls ijkftr fd;k rks mldk thou rqEgkjs gkFk esa gksxkA\"","\" 18 uo;qod lk\\\/q us 'krs\\u00b1 Lohdkj dh vkSj flikgh mls dkjkxkj esa ys x,A og uo;qod lk\\\/q cStw  ckojk gh FkkA jfo dh igyh fdj.k us vkxjk dh turk dks uxj osQ ckgj Hkkxrs ns[kkA lk\\\/q dh izkFkZuk ij  loZlk\\\/kj.k dks Hkh mlosQ thou vkSj e`R;q dk dkSrqd ns[kus dh vkKk nh xbZ FkhA lk\\\/q dh fon~ork  dh \\\/kd nwj&nwj rd iSQy pqdh FkhA tks dHkh vdcj dh Hkh lokjh ns[kus dks ?kj ls ckgj u  fudys Fks] ftUgksaus dHkh cM+s&cM+s R;ksgkjksa ij Hkh ckgj vkuk ilan u fd;k Fkk] vkt os Hkh ubZ  ixfM+;k\\u00a1 ?kksV&?kksVdj ck\\u00a1\\\/ jgs FksA nl ct x,A yksxksa us n`f\\\"V mQij mBkbZA vdcj flagklu ij Fks] lkFk gh uhps rkulsu cSBk Fkk  vkSj lkeus I + kQ'kZ ij uo;qod cStw ckojk cSBk FkkA vdcj us ?kaVh ctkbZ vkSj rkulsu us oqQN iz'u  laxhr&fon~;k osQ laca\\\/ esa cStw ckojk ls fd,A cStw us mfpr mRrj fn, vkSj yksxksa us g\\\"kZ ls rkfy;k\\u00a1  ctkb\\u00b1A eq[k ls \\u00b6t; gks] t; gks \\u0327] \\u00b6cfygkjh \\u0327 dh \\u00e8ofu;k\\u00a1 fudyus yxhaA cStw ckojk us flrkj gkFk esa fy;k vkSj tc mlosQ rkjksa dks fgyk;k rks turk czg~ekuan esa Mwc  xbZ vkSj o`{kksa osQ iRrs fu'py gks x,A ok;q jQd xbZ vkSj lquusokys ea=keqX\\\/ gksdj flj fgykus yxsA  cStw ckojk dh m\\u00a1xfy;k\\u00a1 flrkj ij nkSM+ jgh FkhaA yksxksa us vk'p;Z ls ns[kk fd fgju Nyk\\u00a1xsa ekjrs gq,  vk, vkSj cStw ckojk osQ ikl [kM+s gks x,A cStw ckojk rYyhu gksdj flrkj ctkrk jgk --- ctkrk  jgk --- ctkrk jgk ---A fgju eLr FksA cStw ckojk us flrkj gkFk ls j[k fn;k vkSj vius oaQB ls iwQyekykvksa dks mrkjdj  mUgsa iguk fn;kA iwQyksa osQ Li'kZ ls fgjuksa dks lqf\\\/ vkbZ vkSj os pkSdM+h Hkjrs gq, Hkkxdj o`{kksa esa  fNi x,A cStw us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6rkulsu] iwQyekyk,\\u00a1 igus gq, fgjuksa dks vc ;gk\\u00a1 fiQj cqyokb,] rc eSa  vkidks laxhr&fon~;k esa iw.kZ ekuw\\u00a1A \\u0327\"","\" 19 rkulsu flrkj gkFk esa ysdj viuh iw.kZ izoh.krk osQ lkFk ctkus yxkA ,slk vPNk flrkj mlus  vius thou esa dHkh ugha ctk;k FkkA flrkj osQ lkFk og Lo;a flrkj cu x;k vkSj ilhuk&ilhuk gks  x;kA ctkrs&ctkrs cgqr le; chr x;k] mldh m\\u00a1xfy;k\\u00a1 nq[kus yxhaA cgqr ps\\\"Vk djus ij Hkh tc  dksbZ fgju ugha vk;k] rc rkulsu dh vk\\u00a1[kksa osQ vkxs e`R;q ukpus yxhA og ilhuk&ilhuk gks x;k  vkSj yTtk ls mldk eq[k&eaMy rerek mBkA og f[kfl;kuk gksdj cksyk\\u03bc\\u00b6os fgju rks vdLekr~  b\\\/j vk fudys FksA jkx dk izHkko FkksM+s gh FkkA lkgl gS rks vc nksckjk cqykvksA \\u0327 cStw ckojk eqldjk;k vkSj \\\/hjs ls cksyk\\u03bc\\u00b6cgqr vPNkA \\u0327 ;g dgdj mlus fiQj flrkj idM+  fy;kA ,d ckj fiQj laxhr ygjh ok;qeMay esa ygjkus yxh vkSj fiQj lquus okys laxhr lkxj dh  rjaxksa esa Mwcus yxsA fgju cStw ckojk osQ ikl fiQj vk,] os gh fgju ftudh xzhokvksa esa iwQyekyk,\\u00a1  iM+h gqbZ Fkha vkSj tks jkx dh lqjhyh \\u00e8ofu osQ vkd\\\"kZ.k ls vk x, FksA cStw ckojk us ekyk,\\u00a1 mrkj  yha vkSj fgju owQnrs gq, yksi gks x,A vdcj dk rkulsu osQ lkFk vxk\\\/ izse FkkA tc mldh e`R;q fudV ns[kh rks oaQB Hkj vk;kA  ysfdu D;k djrs! rkulsu 'krZ tks gkj x;k FkkA os foo'k gksdj mBs vkSj la{ksi esa fu.kZ; lquk;k  x;k\\u03bc\\u00b6cStw ckojk dh fot; vkSj rkulsu dh ijkt;A \\u0327 rkulsu dk\\u00a1irk gqvk vkxs c<+kA og] ftlus  Lo;a fdlh dks e`R;q osQ ?kkV mrkjrs gq, n;k ugha dh Fkh] ml le; n;k osQ fy, izkFkZuk djus yxkA cStw ckojk us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6tgk\\u00a1iukg! eq>s izk.k ysus dh bPNk ugha gSA vki bl fu\\\"Bqj fu;e dks gVk  nhft, fd tks vkxjk dh lhekvksa osQ vanj xk,xk] ;fn rkulsu ls gkj x;k rks ejok fn;k tk,xkA \\u0327  vdcj us v\\\/hj gksdj dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6;g fu;e vHkh] blh {k.k ls [kRe gSA \\u0327 rkulsu cStw ckojk osQ pj.kksa  esa fxj iM+k vkSj nhurk ls dgus yxk\\u03bc\\u00b6;g midkj thou Hkj u Hkwyw\\u00a1xkA \\u0327 cStw ckojk us mRrj fn;k\\u03bc\\u00b6ckjg o\\\"kZ igys dh ckr gSA rqeus esjs firk osQ izk.k fy, Fks] ;g  mlh dk cnyk gSA \\u0327 \\u03bclqn'kZu ys[kd ifjp; %  lqn'kZu vkn'kksZUeq[k ;FkkFkZoknh ys[kd FksA budk okLrfod uke cnjhukFk 'kekZ FkkA mudk tUe  lu 1896 bZ\\u00f1 esa iatkc jkT; osQ fl;kydksV uked LFkku ij gqvk FkkA budh Hkk\\\"kk ljy] LoHkkfod] eqgkojsnkj  gSA budh jpuk,\\u00a1 gSa\\u03bcgkj dh thr] vBUuh dk pksj] lkbfdy dh lokjh] iRFkjksa dk lkSnkxj] rhFkZ&;k=kk] i`Foh  oYyHk] lp dk lkSnk vkfnA budk fu\\\/u lu 1967 bZ- esa gqvkA u, 'kCn laxzke   \\u03bc ;qn~\\\/] yM+kbZ  nkokuy  \\u03bc taxy dh vkx loZ=k  \\u03bc lc txg  jf'e;k\\u00a1  \\u03bc fdj.ksa rYyhu  \\u03bc eXu  fofLer  \\u03bc pfdr djuk] vk'p;Z djuk ifjR;kx  \\u03bc NksM+uk  csijokgh \\u03bc fcuk fdlh ijokg osQ\"","\" 20 vfHk;qDr \\u03bc vkjksih] nks\\\"kh  dkjkxkj  \\u03bc tsy vFkkg   \\u03bc lhek jfgr  czg~ekuan  \\u03bc czg~e leku vkuan otz     \\u03bc dBksj] l[r  rYyhu  \\u03bc eXu izfrfgalk  \\u03bc fgalk osQ cnys fgalk  Li'kZ    \\u03bc Nwuk izfrdkj  \\u03bc cnyk  izoh.krk  \\u03bc fuiq.krk] dkS'ky vkdka{kk  \\u03bc pkg] bPNk  vdLekr~ \\u03bc vpkud] ,dk,d lk{kkr   \\u03bc lEeq[k] lkeus  xzhok    \\u03bc xjnu rjQ.k    \\u03bc ;qok  vxk\\\/   \\u03bc xgjk] vFkkg oqaQn     \\u03bc ean  fu\\\"Bqj   \\u03bc dBksj eqX\\\/    \\u03bc eksfgr] yqC\\\/  v\\\/hj   \\u03bc \\\/S;Zjfgr] cspSu eqgkojs nk\\u00a1r ihluk  \\u03bc \\u00d8ks\\\/ djuk  ilhu&ilhuk gksxk \\u03bc 'kfe\\u00b1nk gksuk [kwu dk ?kw\\u00a1V ihuk \\u03bc xqLlk lgu dj ysuk  \\\/kd iSQyuk  \\u03bc izHkko c<+uk vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills laxzke        lqxaf\\\/r        rYyhu        ifjR;kx        vfHk;qDr                vkdka{kk        riL;k foifRr;k\\u00a1      xq#&nf{k.kk      jf'e;k\\u00a1      fofLer      fon~ork       Li'kZ         xzhokvksa ikB dh ckr   Comprehension Skills \\u2022   uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  flikfg;ksa us fdUgsa gFkdfM+;k\\u00a1 igukb\\u00b1\\\\   ([k)  ikB esa fdl eqxy ckn'kkg dh ckr gqbZ gS\\\\   (x)  lk\\\/qvksa dh eaMyh dks e`R;qnaM D;ksa fn;k x;k\\\\   (?k)  'kadjkuan us cStw ls fdrus o\\\"kZ riL;k djus dks dgk\\\\       fyf[kr      (d)  'kadkjkuan us cStw ls D;k xqjQ&nf{k.kk ek\\u00a1xh\\\\   ([k)  vdcj osQ izfln~\\\/ xoS;s dk D;k uke Fkk\\\\   (x)  'kadjkuan us dkSu&lk 'kL=k cStw dks fn;k\\\\   (?k)  cStw us fdl fu;e dks gVkus dk vkxzg fd;k\\\\      (\\u00c4)  ckjg o\\\"kZ igys dh fdl ?kVuk dks cStw us nksgjk;k\\\\\"","\" 21      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  'kadjkuan us cStw ls ckjg o\\\"kZ rd dBksj riL;k djus osQ fy, D;ksa dgk\\\\   ([k)  cStw ckojk osQ gkFkksa us flrkj ctkdj D;k dkSrwgy fd;k\\\\   (x)  rkulsu cStw ckojk ls oSQls ijkftr gqvk\\\\   (?k)  rkulsu cStw osQ pj.kksa esa D;ksa fxj iM+k\\\\       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  'kadjkuan dkSu Fks\\\\  rkulsu osQ xq#   cStw ckojk osQ xq#   ,d xk;d      ([k)  cStw dks fdldh bPNk Fkh\\\\  izfrdkj   izfr;ksfxrk   izfrfgalk   (x)  xku fon~;k ikus osQ i'pkr cStw D;k cu x;k Fkk\\\\  lk\\\/q   xk;d   njckjh   (?k)  ^nkokuy* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\\\\  leqnz dh vkx   Hkwfe dh vkx   taxy dh vkx oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-   cPpks! vFkZ dh n`f\\\"V ls okD; osQ vkB Hksn gSa\\u03bc \\u2022   fo\\\/kuokpd \\u03bctks fdlh dk;Z osQ gksus ;k djus dh tkudkjh nsrs gSaA tSls\\u03bcloZ=k vkuan dh o\\\"kkZ gks  jgh FkhA \\u2022   fu\\\"ks\\\/okpd \\u03bcftl okD; esa dk;Z osQ u gksus ;k u djus dk cks\\\/ gksA tSls\\u03bceq>s izk.k ysus dh bPNk  ugha gSA \\u2022   vkKkokpd \\u03bcftl okD; esa vkKk] vkns'k] vuqjks\\\/ ,oa funsZ'k dk Hkko gksA tSls\\u03bc;g fu;e vHkh] blh  {k.k ls [kRe gSA \\u2022   iz'uokpd \\u03bcftl okD; esa iz'u iwNk tk,A tSls\\u03bcdgk\\u00a1 gS og 'kL=k\\\\ \\u2022   bPNkokpd \\u03bcftl okD; esa bPNk] vk'khokZn] dkeuk vkfn dk cks\\\/ gksA tSls\\u03bcbZ'oj! rqEgsa yach vk;q nsA \\u2022   lansgokpd \\u03bcftl okD; esa dk;Z osQ gksus dk lansg ;k laHkkouk gksA tSls\\u03bcrqEgkjs flj ij vkt 'kk;n e`R;q  lokj gks jgh gSA \\u2022   laosQrokpd \\u03bcftl okD; esa ,d f\\u00d8;k dk gksuk nwljh f\\u00d8;k ij fuHkZj djsA tSls\\u03bc;fn rqeus mls ijkftr  fd;k rks mldk thou rqEgkjs gkFk esa gksxkA \\u2022   foLe;kfnokpd \\u03bcftl okD; esa g\\\"kZ] nq[k] 'kksd] vk'p;Z vkfn dk cks\\\/ gksA tSls\\u03bcgk;! eSa rks yqV x;kA\"","\" 22      vFkZ osQ vk\\\/kj ij okD;&Hksn crkb,A      (d)  D;k ckjg o\\\"kZ osQ ckn og fey tk,xk\\\\                    ([k)  bZ'oj! rqEgsa lq[kh j[ksA                 (x)  okg! fdruk Lokfn\\\"V Hkkstu gSA                 (?k)  'kk;n vkt ge ?kweus tk,\\u00a1A                    (\\u00c4)  esjs lkFk vuFkZ gqvk gSA                 2-   laKk vkSj loZuke 'kCnksa dh fo'ks\\\"krk crkus okys 'kCnksa dks  fo'ks\\\"k.k  dgrs gSa vkSj fo'ks\\\"k.k 'kCn ftu laKk  vkSj loZuke 'kCnksa dh fo'ks\\\"krk crkrs gSa] mUgsa  fo'ks\\\";  dgrs gSaA tSls\\u03bc       cStw us mfpr mRrj fn,A      bl okD; esa ^mfpr* fo'ks\\\"k.k gS vkSj ^mRrj* fo'ks\\\";A      uhps fn, fo'ks\\\"; osQ fy, fo'ks\\\"k.k fyf[k,A                  \\u03bc o\\\"kZ                \\u03bc izse                \\u03bc \\u00e8ofu                  \\u03bc osQ'k                \\u03bc iou                \\u03bc iz\\u00d1fr                  \\u03bc lalkj                \\u03bc fu;e                \\u03bc ckyd   3-  uhps fn, vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn pqudj fyf[k,A gFkdM+h  funksZ\\\"k  vfHk;qDr  vukFk  nkokuy  izfrfgalk      (d)  ftldk dksbZ nks\\\"k u gks  \\u03bc                     ([k)  ftlosQ ekrk&firk u gks  \\u03bc                  (x)  fgalk osQ cnys dh tkusokyh fgalk  \\u03bc                  (?k)  ftl ij vfHk;ksx yxk;k x;k gks  \\u03bc                     (\\u00c4)  taxy esa yxus okyh vkx  \\u03bc                     (p)  gkFk esa igukbZ tkus okyh yksgs dh dM+h \\u03bc                  4-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ rhu&rhu i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,A      (d)     bPNk     \\u03bc                                                        ([k)     iRFkj     \\u03bc                                                        (x)     fdj.k     \\u03bc                                                        (?k)     laxzke     \\u03bc                                                        (\\u00c4)     izdk'k     \\u03bc                                                        (p)     bZ'oj     \\u03bc                                                  \"","\" 23      (N)     R;ksgkj     \\u03bc                                                        (t)     jkgxhj     \\u03bc                                                     5-  fons'kh   vkxr  \\u00e8ofu;k\\u00a1A      fganh Hkk\\\"kk ,d ,slh \\u00e8oU;kRed ( Phonetic ) Hkk\\\"kk gS tks vius 'kCn&HkaMkj dks fujarj c<+krh jgh gSA  blus le;&le; ij vusd 'kCnksa dks rks viuk;k gh gS] lkFk gh fons'kh \\u00e8ofu;ksa dks Hkh viuk;k gSA  vjch&I + kQkjlh osQ 'kCnksa dks viukus osQ lkFk O;atuksa osQ uhps fcanq (uqDrk) yxkdj o.kZ fodflr fd, gSaA  mnkgj.k\\u03bcO + kQ] [+k] X + k] \\u201dk] I + kQ (O + kQRy] [+krk] X + ke] f\\u201dkank] I + kQu) rFkk vaxzs\\u201dkh Hkk\\\"kk osQ 'kCnksa  dks viukus osQ  lkFk Lojksa osQ fy, u;k Loj ^vkW* fodflr fd;k gSA mnkgj.k\\u03bcpkWdysV] ckWyA   6-  lgh mRrj pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  vkKkokpd  okD;\\u03bc   ([k)  iz'uokpd  okD;\\u03bc  tks euq\\\"; xku&fon~;k djs     vc esjk dkSu ikyu&iks\\\"k.k djsxk  vkxjk dh lhek osQ vanj u xk,     nl o\\\"kZ riL;k djuh gksxh  vfHk;qDr njckj esa is'k fd, x,     thou&Hkj foifRr;k\\u00a1 mBkm\\u00a1Qxk       (x)  fu\\\"ks\\\/okpd  okD;\\u03bc   (?k)  foLe;kfnokpd  okD;\\u03bc  esjs lkFk vuFkZ gqvk gS     eSa dy gh eqacbZ tkm\\u00a1QxkA  fdlh dks gkfu ugha igq\\u00a1pkm\\u00a1Qxk     mI + kQ! fdruh xjeh gSA  lk\\\/q eLr Fkk vkSj lquusokys eLr Fks     vki vanj pys tkb,A oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Information Gathering and Social Skills   1-  rkulsu] cStw ckojk rFkk vehj [kqljks osQ ckjs esa laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k, rFkk muosQ fp=k yxkdj ,d  ifj;kstuk rS;kj dhft,A   2-  fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa liQyrk izkIr djusokys fdlh O;fDr dk lk{kkRdkj yhft, vkSj muls mudh liQyrk  dk jgL; tkfu,A   3-  vktdy Vsyhfo\\u201dku ij fn[kk, tkus okys ^fj;YVh 'kks* dh mi;ksfxrk ij ,d Hkk\\\"k.k rS;kj dhft,A   4-  izeq[k Hkkjrh; laxhr okndksa dh lfp=k izs\\u201dksaVs'ku rS;kj dhft,A   5-  vkiosQ fon~;ky; esa okf\\\"kZd lekjksg osQ volj ij eq[; vfrfFk osQ :i esa vk, fdlh laxhr oknd dk  vfrfFk ifjp; djkrs gq, \\\/U;okn Kkiu rS;kj dhft,A   6-  Vsyhfo\\u201dku ij izlkfjr gksus okys dk;ZozQeksa dks nsf[k,A muesa ttksa osQ fu.kZ; dks \\u00e8;ku ls lqfu, vkSj mudh  'kCnkoyh ij \\u00e8;ku nhft,A ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills \\u2022   f'k{kd fnol rFkk xq#ioZ@xq#iwf.kZek esa D;k lekurk gS\\\\\"","\" 24 lqfu, vkSj crkb,A   Listening Skills lqukeh   1-  \\u00e8;ku ls lqudj lgh mRrj pqfu,A      (d)  lqukeh esa ^lq* vkSj ^ukeh* dk D;k vFkZ gS\\\\  leqnz vkSj ygjsa   leqnz vkSj unh   unh vkSj ygjsa      ([k)  leqnz dh ygjsa fdl dkj.k mBrh gSa\\\\  \\\/jrh osQ dk\\u00a1ius ij   leqnz esa HkwoaQi vkus ij   Tokykeq[kh iwQVus ij   (x)  lqukeh 'kCn fdl Hkk\\\"kk dk 'kCn gS\\\\  phuh   ejkBh   tkikuh   (?k)  gky gh esa Hkkjr us lqukeh dk lkeuk fdl o\\\"kZ fd;k Fkk\\\\  2005   2004   2003      (\\u00c4)  lwukeh dk rwI + kQku dgk\\u00a1 ls mBrk gS\\\\  pkjksa rjI + kQ ls   chp ls   fdukjs ls   2-  \\u00e8;ku ls lqfu, vkSj lgh ( \\uf050 ) ;k xyr ( \\u00d7 ) dk fu'kku yxkb,A      (d)  \\\/jrh dbZ rwI + kQkuksa dks >syrs gq, #dh gqbZ gSA       ([k)  lqukeh tkikuh 'kCn gSA    (x)  lqukeh leqnz esa vk, HkwoaQi osQ dkj.k mBrh gSA    (?k)  leqnz rV ij jgus okys yksxksa ij lqukeh dk [krjk ugha e\\u00a1MjkrkA       (\\u00c4)  Hkkjr esa 2004 esa lqukeh vkbZ FkhA  cqn~f\\\/foykl   \\u2022   p\\u00d8 esa fy[ks o.kksZ ls 'kCn cukb,A o u yk uk t x d n p j e\"","\" ru ls] eu ls] opu ls] djks lnk lRdeZA lc  \\\/eks\\u00b1  dk  lkj  gS]  ;gh  gS  ekuo&\\\/eZAA diV] \\u00d8ks\\\/] Ny] yksHk ls jfgr izse&O;ogkjA lcls fey&tqydj jgks] ldy fo'o&ifjokjAA deZ  ogh  ftuls  feys]  lnk  txr  esa  ekuA ftudh lc fuank djsa] mUgsa R;kT; gh tkuAA fon~;k&\\\/u vn~Hkqr cgqr] [kpZ djks c<+ tk,A bl \\\/u dk \\\/uoku rks] dhfrZ&f'k[kj p<+ tk,AA le; cgqr vueksy gS] djks le; dk \\u00e8;kuA gkFk x, fiQj uk feys] fudys rhj lekuAA mn~;e  ,slk  ehr  gS]  izhr  dh  jhr  fuHkk,A dfBu vlaHko dke dks] laHko dj fn[kyk,AA f'k\\\"V  vkpj.k  tks  djs]  djs  izse&O;ogkjA cSjh  dks  viuk  djs]  mldk  ln~O;ogkjAA \\u03bcfr#oYyqoj \\u00b7  dqjy lIrd 25\"","\" (izLrqr dfork esa dfo Hkokuh izlkn feJ us Lusg vkSj izse dk egRo rFkk mldh 'kfDr dk izHkko le>k;k gSA  pkgs oSQlk Hkh O;fDr gks \\\/uh&fu\\\/Zu] ifjfpr ;k vifjfpr] gesa Hkwydj Hkh fdlh ls dVq opu ugha cksyus pkfg,A  HksnHkko vkSj dM+okgV Hkjs fj'rksa dks Hkh Lusgiw.kZ O;ogkj rFkk e`nqopuksa ls izse osQ fj'rksa esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA  Lusg dh 'kfDr vikj gSA og fxjs gq, O;fDr dks l\\u00a1Hkky ldrh gS] lgh jkg fn[kk ldrh gSA izse rFkk Lusg n~okjk  gj leL;k dk lek\\\/ku <w\\u00a1<+k tk ldrk gSA) gks fe=k ;k fd og 'k=kq gks] ifjfpr gks ;k ifjp;&foghu] rqe ftls le>rs jgs cM+k ;k ftls ekurs jgs nhu ;fn dHkh fdlh dkj.k ls mlosQ ;'k ij mM+rh fn[ks \\\/wy] rks l[r ckr dg mBus dh rsjh ftg~ok ls gks u Hkwy! er dgks fd og ,slk gh Fkk] er dgks fd blosQ lkS xokg_ ;fn lpeqp gh og fiQly x;k ;k idM+h mlus xyr jkg rks l[r ckr ls ugha] Lusg ls dke \\u201dkjk ysdj ns[kks_ vius varj dk usg vjs FkksM+k&lk rks nsdj ns[kksA fdrus Hkh xgjs jgsa xrZ] gj txg I;kj tk ldrk gS] Lusg&'kiFk 4 26\"","\" fdruk Hkh Hkz\\\"V \\u201dkekuk gks] gj le; I;kj Hkk ldrk gS_ tks fxjs gq, dks mBk losQ blls I;kjk oqQN tru ugha] ns I;kj mBk ik, u ftls bruk xgjk oqQN iru ughaA ns[ks ls I;kjHkjh vk\\u00a1[ksa nqLlkgl ihys gksrs gSa\\\\ gj ,d \\\/`\\\"Vrk osQ diksy vk\\u00a1lw ls xhys gksrs gSaA rks l[r ckr ls ugha Lusg ls dke \\u201dkjk ysdj ns[kks] vius varj dk usg Hkyk nsdj mldks rks rqe ns[kksA gS 'kiFk rqEgsa d#.kkdj dh gS 'kiFk rqEgsa ml uaxs dh tks Hkh[k Lusg dh ek\\u00a1x&ek\\u00a1x ej x;k fd ml fHk[keaxs dh! cl] l[r ckr ls ugha Lusg ls dke \\u201dkjk ysdj ns[kks] vius varj dk usg mldks rks nsdj rqe ns[kksA \\u03bcHkokuh izlkn feJ 27\"","\" 28 dfo ifjp; %  Hkokuh izlkn feJ dk tUe e\\u00e8; izns'k esa 29 ekpZ] 1913 esa gqvkA os xka\\\/hoknh fopkj\\\/kjk osQ  dfo FksA mUgksaus vius fopkjksa dks O;Dr djus dk ek\\u00e8;e tuHkk\\\"kk dks cuk;kA mudh izeq[k jpuk,\\u00a1 gSa\\u03bcxhr iQjks'k]  pfdr gS nq[k] cquh gqbZ jLlh] f=kdky la\\u00e8;k] va\\\/sjh dfork,\\u00a1 vkfnA mudh e`R;q 20 iQjojh] 1985 esa gqbZA u, 'kCn ifjfpr  \\u03bc tku igpku dk  tru    \\u03bc ;Ru ifjp; foghu  \\u03bc vutku] vifjfpr  iru     \\u03bc fxjkoV ;'k  \\u03bc izfln~f\\\/  nqLlkgl  \\u03bc vuqfpr lkgl xokg  \\u03bc lk{kh  \\u00e8k`\\\"VRkk   \\u03bc nq\\\"Vrk varj  \\u03bc \\u00e2n;] eeZ  diksy   \\u03bc xky usg  \\u03bc Lusg] I;kj  'kiFk    \\u03bc iz.k] izfrKk xrZ  \\u03bc xM~<k  d#.kkdj \\u03bc n;kyq] Hkxoku Hkz\\\"V  \\u03bc fcxM+k gqvk  uaxk  \\u03bc iQVsgky eqgkojs ;'k ij \\\/wy iM+uk \\u03bc fujknj gksuk] vieku gksuk  ihyk iM+uk \\u03bc ?kcjk tkuk fiQly tkuk  \\u03bc cgd tkuk vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills ifjfpr         ifjp;          foghu         ftg~ok         xrZ          Hkz\\\"V tru           nqLlkgl           \\\/`\\\"Vrk           diksy           djQ.kkdj           l[r dfork dh ckr   Comprehension Skills \\u2022   uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  igys in~;ka'k esa dfo ftg~ok dks D;k Hkwy djus ls jksd jgk gS\\\\   ([k)  dfo fdl tru dks I;kjk dg jgk gS\\\\   (x)  dfo fdl izdkj ls dke ysus dh ckr dgrk gS\\\\   (?k)  dfo d#.kkdj rFkk fHk[keaxksa dh 'kiFk ysus dks D;ksa dg jgk gS\\\\       fyf[kr      (d)  nqLlkglh O;fDr dks fdl izdkj >qdk;k tk ldrk gS\\\\\"","\" 29      ([k)  I;kj ls fdls Hkjk tk ldrk gS\\\\   (x)  fdldks vius \\u00e2n; dk Lusg nsus dh ckr dfo dg jgk gS\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  dfo fdlosQ fy, cspSu gks mBrk gS\\\\   ([k)  dfork esa dfo us fdl ckr ij vf\\\/d \\u201dkksj fn;k gS\\\\   (x)  bu iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li\\\"V dhft,A  ( i )  fdrus Hkh xgjs jgs xrZ]     gj txg I;kj tk ldrk gSA  ( ii )  gj ,d \\\/`\\\"Vrk osQ diksy     vk\\u00a1lw ls xhys gksrs gSaA   (?k)  dfork dk lkj vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  dfo euq\\\"; dks fdlh ls D;k ugha djus dks dg jgk gS\\\\  >wBh ckr   dM+oh ckr   fuank      ([k)  xyr jkg ij tkus okys O;fDr dks oSQls lgh jkg ij yk;k tk ldrk gS\\\\  naM nsdj   mls I;kj ls le>kdj   thou dh okLrfodrk crkdj   (x)  dfork esa ^I;kjk tru* ls dfo dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\\\\  xjhc dh enn djuk   fxjs gq, dks mBkuk   Hkz\\\"V nqfu;k dks ns[kuk oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-   nks O;atuksa osQ ;ksx ls cus gq, O;atuksa dks  la;qDr O;atu  dgrs gSaA fganh esa {k] =k] K] J pkj O;atu nks  O;atuksa osQ la;ksx ls cus gSa tks ,d o.kZ osQ :i esa iz;qDr gksrs gSaA     o~Q $ \\\"k \\u00be {k_ r~ $ j \\u00be =k_ t~ $ \\u00d7k \\u00be K_ 'k~ $ j \\u00be JA vU; la;qDr O;atu Hkh fganh Hkk\\\"kk esa iz;qDr    gksrs gSaA tSls\\u03bc      r~ $ ; \\u00be R;  \\u00be lR;] izR;;] \\u00d1R;  n~ $ \\\/ \\u00be n~\\\/ \\u00be fln~\\\/] fxn~\\\/] o`n~\\\/      l~ $ ; \\u00be L; \\u00be L;kgh] vkyL;] gkL;  t~ $ ; \\u00be T; \\u00be jkT;] HkksT;] T;s\\\"B       blh  izdkj  tc  ,d  gh  o.kZ  nks  ckj  feyrs  gSa  rks  mUgsa   n~foRo  O;atu   dgrs  gSaA  tSls\\u03bcV~V  \\u00be  iV~Vh]   M~M \\u00be yM~Mw] Pp \\u00be dPpk] Uu \\u00be xUuk vkfnA      (d)  buls nks&nks 'kCn cukb,A \\\"V  \\u03bc                                Ll  \\u03bc                                 Yy  \\u03bc                                Rr  \\u03bc                                 Ee  \\u03bc                                X;  \\u03bc                             \"","\" 30      ([k)  ^{k*] ^=k* o.kZ osQ pkj&pkj 'kCn fyf[k,A    {k  \\u03bc                                                                  =k  \\u03bc                                                                 2-  vuqukfld vkSj vuqLokj esa varj lef>,A    \\u2022   tc ge Lojksa dk mPpkj.k eq[k osQ lkFk&lkFk ukfldk ls Hkh djrs gSa rks og Loj  vuqukfld  (   \\u00a1   ) gks  tkrk gSA mnkgj.k\\u03bcvk\\u00a1[k] m\\u00a1QV] g\\u00a1lA    \\u2022  tc Loj dh ek=kk dk dksbZ Hkkx f'kjksjs[kk osQ ckgj fudyrk gS rks ogk\\u00a1 panzfcanq dh txg osQoy  vuqLokj  (   a   ) yxk;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k\\u03bceSa] rqEgsa] D;ksa] dghaA vuqLokj (   a   ) ukflD; ;k ukfldk ls  cksys tkus okyk O;atu gSA bls  iapek{kj  Hkh dgrs gSaA           mnkgj.k\\u03bc   lar      lUr        [kaHkk     [kEHkk        ?kaVk    ?k.Vk      uhps fn, 'kCnksa esa vuqukfld (   \\u00a1   ) rFkk vuqLokj (   a   ) dk fpg~u yxkb,A       dgk   \\u03bc                         eS        \\u03bc                                mUgs          \\u03bc                              xko   \\u03bc                         v\\\/sjk        \\u03bc                                ufn;k          \\u03bc                              vxzs\\u201dkh   \\u03bc                         pnzek        \\u03bc                                gleq[k          \\u03bc                          3-  uhps fn, vusdkFkhZ 'kCnksa ls okD; cukb,A   (d)  vacj    (xxu)                                                                                            (diM+k)                                                                  ([k)  varj    (\\u00e2n;)                                                                                            (Hksn)                                                                  (x)  fe=k    (nksLr)                                                                                            (lw;Z)                                                                  (?k)  ek\\u00a1x    (;kpuk)                                                                     (flj osQ chp dh js[kk)                                                  4-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,A       fe=k   \\u03bc                                          ;'k                          \\u03bc                                             izse   \\u03bc                                          n;kyq                          \\u03bc                                             iru   \\u03bc                                          ifjfpr                          \\u03bc                                         5-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa ls rhu&rhu 'kCn cukb,A      (d)     nhu     \\u03bc                                                        ([k)     ;'k     \\u03bc                                                   vacj esa vusd rkjs gSaA fo\\\".kq ihys vacj igus gSaA\"","\" 31      (x)     Hkyk     \\u03bc                                                        (?k)     jkg     \\u03bc                                                        (\\u00c4)     lkgl     \\u03bc                                                     6-  bu 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,A       'k=kq   \\u03bc                                          \\\/wy          \\u03bc                                             nhu   \\u03bc                                          iru          \\u03bc                                             I;kj   \\u03bc                                          'kiFk          \\u03bc                                             l[r   \\u03bc                                          diksy          \\u03bc                                         7-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa dks o.kZekyk osQ \\u00d8e esa fyf[k,A      fe=k] ;'k] nhu] l[r] xokg] lpeqp] xrZ] diksy] \\\/`\\\"Vrk] tru                                                                                                                           8-  uhps fn, rn~Hko 'kCnksa osQ rRle 'kCn fyf[k,A rn~Hko        rRle         rn~Hko        rRle       Hkh[k        vk\\u00a1lw           tru        thHk    oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Creative, Speaking and Writing Skills   1-  tc dksbZ gekjs dk;Z ij g\\u00a1lrk gS ;k gekjk e\\u201dkkd cukrk gS rks oSQlk yxrk gS\\\\ vius fopkjksa dks ,d  vkys[k osQ :i esa fyf[k,A   2-  fHk{kk ek\\u00a1xuk vktdy e\\u201dkcwjh ugha] O;olk; cu x;k gSA bl fo\\\"k; ij ,d Hkk\\\"k.k izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu  dhft,A   3-  fHk{kko`fRr dks jksdus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djrk ,d foKkiu rS;kj dhft,A   4-  Hkokuh izlkn dh bu dforkvksa dks <w\\u00a1<+dj if<+, vkSj d{kk esa lkewfgd okpu dhft,A \\u2022  lriqM+k osQ taxy  \\u2022  lwjt dk xksyk  \\u2022  ?kj dh ;kn   5-  fHk{kko`fRr % ,d leL;k\\u03bcbl fo\\\"k; ij yxHkx 200 'kCnksa esa ,d fuca\\\/ fyf[k,A ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  fdlh O;fDr dks lgh jkg ij ykus osQ fy, naM ls vf\\\/d I;kj o lgkuqHkwfr dh \\u201dk:jr gksrh gSA vius  fopkj crkb,A   2-  pkSjkgs ij [kM+s Hkh[k ek\\u00a1xrs cPpksa dks ns[kdj vkiosQ eu esa D;k izfrf\\u00d8;k gksrh gS\\\\\"","\" 32 vifBr in~;ka'k   \\u2022   in~;ka'k dks i<+dj iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A f[kyrs gSa liQyrk vkSj miyfC\\u00e8k;ksa osQ iwQy lkgl vkSj R;kx dh nqxZe igkfM+;ksa ij mu ij os gh dj ldrs gSa vkjksg.k ftuosQ gksrs gSa uhys vacj&ls lkI+kQ ealwcsA bfrgkl esa iSB j[kus dh n`<+ bPNk'kfDr vkSj yhd ls gVdj oqQN dj xqtjus dh yydA      (d)  liQyrk vkSj miyfC\\\/;ksa osQ iwQy dgk\\u00a1 f[kyrs gSa\\\\                                                                                    ([k)  ealwcs oSQls gksus pkfg,\\\\                                                                                 (x)  dfo osQ vuqlkj dkSu thou esa oqQN ik ldrk gS\\\\                                                                                 (?k)  ^vacj* 'kCn osQ nks vFkZ crkb,A                                                         fo'ks\\\"k fcanq %  dh vkSj fd esa osQoy ek=kk dk gh varj ugha gSA lnk \\u00e8;ku j[ksa fd ^dh* ,d fodkjh 'kCn gSA  bldk :i fyax] opu rFkk dkjd osQ vuqlkj cny tkrk gSA   \\u2022  ^dh* laca\\\/dkjd dh foHkfDr gS (dk] osQ] dh)A   \\u2022  ^dh* dk iz;ksx (Hkwrdky) L=khfyax :i esa gksrk gSA  mnkgj.k\\u03bcufodk dh cgu [ksy jgh gSA      ufodk us i<+kbZ dhA ^ fd* ,d vfodkjh 'kCn gS blfy, bldk :i dHkh ugha cnyrkA ;g la;kstd vFkkZr~ nks okD;ksa dks tksM+us dk  dk;Z djrk gSA  mnkgj.k\\u03bc\\u00d1\\\".kk us dgk fd og iqLrd esyk ns[kus tk,xkA\"","\" 33 (izLrqr ikB esa pkrd iq=k viuh ikjaifjd ekU;rkvksa dks O;FkZ ekudj firk osQ dFku osQ fo#n~\\\/ ikuh ihdj viuh  I;kl cq>kuk pkgrk gSA m\\\/j xksoqQy firk cqn~\\\/u dh f'k{kk dks \\u00e2n; ls viukrs gq, vius laLdkjksa dk nkeu iy  Hkj Hkh ugha NksM+uk pkgrkA xksoqQy ls izsfjr gksdj pkrd iq=k iqu% firk osQ ikl ykSV tkrk gSA) (dksVj) nksigjh  dk  le;  FkkA  lw;Z  vfXu'kykdkvksa  ls   i`Foh  dk  'kjhj  nX\\\/  dj  jgk  FkkA  o`{kksa  osQ   iRrs fuLian FksA ekuks fdlh Hk;adj dkaM dh  vk'kadk ls lk\\u00a1l&lh lk\\\/s [kM+s FksA blh le;  vius NksVs&ls dksVj osQ Hkhrj cSBs gq, pkrd iq=k  us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6firk! \\u0327 pkrd  us  viuh  pksap  oqQekj  dh  ihB  ij   isQjrs gq, I;kj ls dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6D;k gS csVk\\\\ \\u0327  \\u00b6I;kl osQ ekjs pksap rd izk.k vk x, gSaA \\u0327 \\u00b6csVk] v\\\/hj u gksA le; lnk ,d&lk ugha  jgrkA \\u0327 \\u00b6rks ;gh rks eSa Hkh dgrk gw\\u00a1\\u03bcle; lnk ,d&lk  ugha jgrkA iqjkuh ckrsa le; osQ fy, Fkha] vki vc  Hkh mUgsa bl rjg Nkrh ls fpidk, gq, gSa] ftl rjg  ckujh ejs cPps dks fpidk, jgrh gSA ?ku';ke dh ckV tksgrs jfg,A vc eq>ls ;g ugha l\\\/  ldrkA \\u0327 \\u00b6?ku';ke osQ flok ge vkSj fdlh dk ty xzg.k ugha djrsA ;gh gekjs oqQy dk ozr gSA bl  ozr osQ dkj.k vius xks=k esa u rks fdlh dh e`R;q gqbZ vkSj u dksbZ nwljk vuFkZA \\u0327 \\u00b6vki dgrs gSa\\u03bcdksbZ vuFkZ ugha gqvk] eSa dgrk gw\\u00a1] I;kl dh ;a=k.kk ls c<+dj vkSj vuFkZ D;k  gksxkA tgk\\u00a1 ls Hkh gksxk eSa ty xzg.k d: \\u00a1 xk ghA \\u0327 pkrd flgjdj ia[k iQM+iQM+kus yxkA FkksM+h nsj rd pqi jgdj og cksyk\\u03bc\\u00b6csVk] \\\/S;Z j[k! vius  bl ozr osQ dkj.k gh ikuh cjlrk gS vkSj \\\/jrh ekrk dh xksn gjh&Hkjh gksrh gSA ;g ozr bl rjg  u\\\"V dj nsus dh oLrq ughaA \\u0327 dksVj vkSj dqVhj 5\"","\" 34 ykM+ys yM+osQ us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6ozr ikyu djrs gq, brus fnu rks gks x,] ikuh dk dgha fpg~u rd  ugha gSA xjeh ,slh iM+ jgh gS fd \\\/jrh osQ unh&ukys lc lw[k x, gSaA fiQj lw;Z osQ fudV jgus  okys vkdk'k osQ es?kksa esa ikuh fVd gh oSQls ldrk gS\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6csVk] i`Foh dk ;g futZy miokl gSA blh iq.; ls mls thou&nku feysxkA Hkkstu dk iwjk  Lokn vkSj iwjh r`fIr ikus osQ fy, FkksM+h&lh {kq\\\/k lgu djuk vfuok;Z gh ugha] vko';d Hkh gSA \\u0327 \\u00b6firkth] eSa FkksM+h&lh {kq\\\/k ls ugha MjrkA ijarq ;g Hkh ughaa pkgrk fd {kq\\\/k gh {kq\\\/k lgu djrk  jgw\\u00a1A eSa ,slk ozr O;FkZ le>rk gw\\u00a1 vkSj nsorkvksa dk vfHk'kki ysdj Hkh eSa bls rksM+ nw\\u00a1xkA ?ku';ke dks  Hkh rks lkspuk pkfg, Fkk fd mlosQ fcuk fdlh osQ izk.k fudy jgs gSaA vkneh us es?kksa ij vfo'okl  djosQ \\u00d1f\\\"k dh j{kk osQ fy, ugj] rkykc vkSj oqQvksa dk cankscLr dj fy;k gSA \\u00d1f\\\"k us vkidh  rjg flj ugha fgyk;k fd eSa rks ?ku';ke osQ flok vkSj fdlh dk ty ugha Nwm\\u00a1QxhA ge gh D;ksa  bl rjg d\\\"V lgsaA vki pkgs eq>s j[ksa ;k NksM+sa] eSa ;g >a>V u ekuw\\u00a1xkA \\u0327 pkrd us ns[kk\\u03bcekeyk cs<c gqvk pkgrk gSA ;g bl rjg u ekusxkA dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6;g crkvks] rqe  ty dgk\\u00a1 ls xzg.k djksxs\\\\ \\u0327 pkrd iq=k pqiA mlus vHkh rd bl ckr ij fopkj gh ugha fd;k FkkA og lksprk Fkk] ftl  izdkj yk[kksa tho&tarq ty ihrs gSa] mlh izdkj eSa Hkh ihm\\u00a1QxkA ijarq og izdkj oSQlk gS] ;g mldh  le> esa u vk;k FkkA yM+osQ dks pqi ns[kdj firk us le>k\\u03bcde\\u201dkksjh ;gha gSA og tkurk Fkk fd de\\u201dkksjh ij mQij  ls gh vk\\u00d8e.k djuk fot; dh igyh lh<+h gS\\u03bc\\u00b6pqi oSQls jg x,\\\\ crkvks] rqe ty dgk\\u00a1 ls  xzg.k djksxs\\\\ \\u0327 fgpfdpkdj] viuh ckr Lo;a gh [kaM&[kaM djrs gq, yM+osQ us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6tgk\\u00a1 ls nwljs xzg.k djrs  gSa] ogha ls eSa Hkh d:\\u00a1 xkA \\u0327 firk us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6iM+ksl esa og iks[kjh gSA vusd i'kq&i{kh vkSj vkneh Hkh ogk\\u00a1 ty ihrs gSaA rqe  ogk\\u00a1 ty ih ldksxs\\\\ cksyks] gS fgEer\\\\ \\u0327 pkrd iq=k dks ml iks[kjh osQ Lej.k gh ls iqQjgjh vk xbZA vkg! mlesa fdruh xanxh gSA iRrs]  lw[kh MaBysa vkfn fxj&fxjdj mlesa lM+rh jgrh gSaA dhM+s oqQycqykrs gq, mlesa lkI + kQ fn[kkbZ ns  ldrs gSaA yksx mlesa diM+s fu[kkjus vkrs gSa ;k xans djus] dbZ ckj lkspus ij Hkh og le> u ldk  FkkA  pkrd cksyk\\u03bc\\u00b6csVk] vHkh rqe ukle> gksA pkgs tgk\\u00a1 ls ikuh xzg.k djuk bl le; rqe vklku  le> jgs gksA ijarq tc blosQ fy, ckgj fudyksxs rc rqEgsa ekywe iM+sxkA gekjh I;kl osQ lkFk  djksM+ksa dh I;kl gS vkSj r`fIr osQ lkFk djksM+ksa dh r`fIr rq>ls vosQys r`Ir gksrs oSQls cusxk\\\\ \\u0327 pkrd iq=k bl le; vius gB dks iq\\\"V djus okyh dksbZ ;qfDr lksp jgk FkkA firk dh ckr  fcuk lqus gh cksy mBk\\u03bc\\u00b6eSa xaxkty xzg.k d:\\u00a1 xkA \\u0327\"","\" 35 pkrd us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6xaxk th ;gk\\u00a1 ls ik\\u00a1p fnu dh mM+ku ij gSA rw ugha ekurk rks tkA ijarq ;fn  rwus vkSj dgha ,d cw\\u00a1n Hkh yh] rks gesa eq\\u00a1g u fn[kkukA \\u0327 pkrd iq=k iz.kke djosQ iqQjZ ls mM+ x;kA (oqQVhj) cqn~\\\/u dk dPpk [kijSy dk ?kj FkkA ml ?kj esa vkSj oqQN gks ;k u gks] vk\\u00a1xu osQ chp] pkrd  iq=k osQ foJke djus ;ksX; uhe dk ,d o`{k FkkA rhljh mM+ku dh Fkdku feVkus osQ fy, og mlh  ij mrjkA uhps o`{k dh Nk;k esa cqn~\\\/u ysVk gqvk FkkA voLFkk mldh ipkl osQ mQij FkhA ,d fnu ,dk,d  i{kk?kkr us mls vpy dj fn;kA thou vkSj e`R;q us vkil esa lqyg djosQ ekuks vk\\\/s&vk\\\/s 'kjhj  dk c\\u00a1Vokjk dj fy;kA L=kh igys gh xr gks pqdh FkhA ?kj esa 15&16 o\\\"kZ dk ,dek=k] xksoqQy gh  vof'k\\\"V FkkA mlh osQ lgkjs mlosQ fnu iwjs gks jgs FksA xksoqQy ,d txg dke ij tkrk FkkA dke djosQ izfrfnu la\\u00e8;k le; rd ykSV vkrk FkkA vkt  vHkh rd ugha vk;k Fkk] blfy, cqn~\\\/u mlosQ fy, NViVk jgk FkkA xksoqQy losjs FkksM+s&ls pus  [kkdj dke ij x;k FkkA cqn~\\\/u osQ fy, Hkh FkksM+s&ls pus vkSj ihus dk ikuh ;FkkLFkku j[k x;k  FkkA vkt [kkus osQ fy, ?kj esa vkSj oqQN Fkk ughaA dg x;k Fkk 'kke dks etwjh osQ iSlksa dk vkVk  ykdj jksVh cukmQ\\u00a1xk] ijarq vkt og vHkh rd ugha vk;k FkkA cM+h nsj ckn mldh izrh{kk liQy gqbZA fdokM+ [kqyus dh vkok\\u201dk lqudj og pkSadkA okLro esa  ;g xksoqQy gh FkkA mlus dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6dkSu] xksoqQy! csVk] vkt cM+h nsj yxkbZA \\u0327 ; g xk s o q Qy gh Fkk A   m m l l u s  d g g k\\u03bc\\u00b6 d d k k S u u ] ]   x x k k s o o q Q Q y y ! !   c c s V V V k k ] ] ] ]     v v v v v v k k k k k k k k t t t t t t t t t   c c c c c c c c c c M M M M M M M M + + + + h h h h h h h h   n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n s s j j j j j j j j j   y y y y y y y y y x x x x x x x k k k k k b b b b b b b b Z Z A A A A A  \\u0327  \\u0327\"","\" 36 xksoqQy \\\/hjs ls firk dh [kkV osQ ikl vkdj jksus yxkA cqn~\\\/u us ?kcjkdj iwNk\\u03bc\\u00b6D;k gqvk]  csVk! D;k gqvk\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6vkt etwjh ugha feyh! vc oSQls pysxk\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6,sa! etwjh ugha feyh! fiQj bruh nsj D;ksa gqbZ\\\\ \\u0327 iz\\u00d1frLFk gksdj xksoqQy us mls viuk gky lquk;kA losjs ?kj ls fudyrs gh xksoqQy dks lkeus [kkyh ?kM+k feykA ns[kdj mlosQ iSj <hys iM+ x,A  lkspk\\u03bcvkt Hkxoku gh ekfyd gSA dke ij igq\\u00a1pdj mlus ns[kk\\u03bcbathfu;j lkgc dke ns[kus vk,  FksA tku iM+rk gS] dke ns[kus dh txg os vksojlh;j lkgc dks gh ns[k x, FksA vU;k; dk ;g  cks>k mUgksaus fnuHkj e\\u201dknwjksa ij vPNh rjg mrkjkA 'kke dks e\\u201dknwjh nsus osQ le; Hkh lkI + kQ badkj  dj fn;k\\u03bcvkt nke ugha fn, tk,\\u00a1xsA ml vnkyr osQ I + kSQlys dh rjg] ftldh dgha vihy ugha  gks ldrh] vksojlh;j lkgc dk gqDe ekudj e\\u201dknwj vius&vius ?kj ykSV x,A xksoqQy ykSVk pyk vk jgk Fkk fd ,d txg mls jkLrs esa oqQN iM+k fn[kkbZ fn;kA ikl igq\\u00a1pus  ij ekywe gqvk] jQi;s&iSls j[kus dk cVqvk gSA mBkdj ns[kk rks dkiQh o\\u201dkunkj FkkA og lksp esa iM+  x;k\\u03bcbls [kksydj ns[kuk pkfg, ;k ughaA VVksyus ij ekywe gqvk jQi;s gSa vkSj cgqr de Hkh ughaA  FkksM+h nsj rd og ogha [kM+k&[kM+k lksprk jgk\\u03bcbldk D;k d:\\u00a1\\\\ mlosQ firk us mls vc rd tks  oqQN fl[kk;k Fkk] mlus mls bl ckr osQ lkspus dk volj gh ugha fn;k fd cVqvk vius ikl j[k  ysA og ;gh lksp jgk Fkk fd og cVqvk fdldk gS\\\\ mls \\u00e8;ku vk;k fd oqQN nwj mlus ,d xkM+h tkrh gqbZ ns[kh FkhA mlesa dku esa eksrh&fijksbZ lksus  dh ckyh igus gq, ,d egrs cSBs FksA laHko gS ;g cVqvk mUgha dk gksA ;gk\\u00a1 oqQ,\\u00a1 ij xkM+h jksddj  mUgksaus ikuh fi;k gksxkA mlus bl ckr dk fopkj gh ugha fd;k fd xkM+h rd tkus esa fdruk le;  yxsxk vkSj og nkSM+ iM+kA yxHkx vk\\\/s ?kaVs osQ ifjJe ls og ml xkM+h osQ ikl igq\\u00a1p x;kA xksoqQy us gk\\u00a1iQrs&gk\\u00a1iQrs  iwNk\\u03bc\\u00b6egrs] rqEgkjk oqQN [kks rks ugha x;k\\\\ \\u0327 egrs us pkSaddj xkM+h esa b\\\/j&m\\\/j ns[kkA lkFk gh tsc ij gkFk j[kk rks ik\\\"kk.k dh rjg fuLian  gks x,A xksoqQy ls egrs dh og voLFkk ns[kh u xbZA og cVqvk fn[kkdj mlus >V ls iz'u dj  fn;k\\u03bc\\u00b6;g rqEgkjk gS\\\\ \\u0327 egrs us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6Hkxoku rq>s lq[kh j[ksA HkS;k! bls dgk\\u00a1 ik;k\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6jkLrs esa iM+k FkkA blesa jQi;s gSa\\\\ \\u0327 egrs us fglkc yxkdj crk;k\\u03bc\\u00b6c;kyhl jQi;s] ,d vBUuh] ,d f?klh csdke nqvUuh] nl ;k  ckjg vkus iSls] ,d pk\\u00a1nh dk NYyk----- \\u0327 xksoqQy us cVqvk [kksydj jQi;s fxusA lc Bhd fudysA cVqvk gkFk esa ysdj egrs dh vk\\u00a1[kksa esa  vk\\u00a1lw Hkj vk,A cksys\\u03bc\\u00b6bruh cM+h jde ikdj Hkh ftls mldk yksHk u gks HkS;k] eSaus ,slk vkneh \"","\" 37 vkt rd ugha ns[kkA ;fn fdlh vkSj dks ;g cVqvk feyrk rks  esjk ej.k gks tkrkA esjk jkse&jkse vlhl ns jgk gS] Hkxoku  rqEgsa lnk lq[kh j[ksA \\u0327 ;g dgdj egrs us cVq, ls fudkydj xksoqQy dks  nks jQi;s nsus pkgsA mlus flj fgykdj dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6esjs cIik  us fdlh ls Hkh[k ysus osQ fy, eq>s euk dj fn;k gSA  eq\\u00dd + r osQ ;s jQi;s eSa u yw\\u00a1xkA \\u0327 egrs osQ lty us=k foLe; ls [kqys gh jg x,A  xksoqQy FkksM+h gh nsj esa ml va\\\/dkj esa mudh vk\\u00a1[kksa  ls vks>y gks x;kA lc  o`rkar  lqukdj  xksoqQy  vijk\\\/h  dh  Hkk\\u00a1fr  [kM+k   gksdj cksyk\\u03bc\\u00b6cIik] vkt [kkus osQ fy, oqQN ugha gS]  egrs ls oqQN m\\\/kj ek\\u00a1x ykrk rks lc Bhd gks tkrkA esjh le> esa ;g ckr ml le; vkbZ gh ughaA \\u0327 cqn~\\\/u dh vk\\u00a1[kksa ls >j&>j vk\\u00a1lw >jus yxsA xksoqQy dks viuh nksuksa Hkqtkvksa esa Hkjdj mlus  Nkrh ls yxk fy;kA mls ftl r`fIr dk vuqHko gksus yxk og nks ,d fnu dh rks ckr gh D;k thou  Hkj dh {kq\\\/k 'kkar dj ldrh gSA \\\/u&laifRr] eku vkSj cM+kbZ lc  mls rqPN&lh izrhr gksus yxhA ekuks ,dk,d mlosQ lc nq[k&jksx  nwj gks x, gSaA vc og fcuk fdlh fpark osQ e`R;q dk vkfyaxu  blh {k.k dj ldrk gSA cM+h nsj esa vius dks l\\u00a1Hkkydj cqn~\\\/u cksyk\\u03bc\\u00b6vPNk  gh  fd;k  csVk]  tks  rw  egrs  ls  jQi;s  m\\u00e8kkj  ugha   yk;kA og m\\u00e8kkj ek\\u00a1xuk Hkh ,d rjg dk ek\\u00a1xuk  gh gksrkA nks ,d fnu dh Hkw[k gekjk oqQN ugh  fcxkM+ ldrhA ftl rjg pkrd vius izk.k nsdj  Hkh es?k osQ flok fdlh nwljs dk ty ysus dk  ozr ugha rksM+rk] mlh rjg rw Hkh bZekunkjh dh Vsd u NksM+ukA fiQj dgrk gw\\u00a1\\u03bclnk ,slh gh efr  j[kuk] pkgs fdruh foifRr iM+s] viuh fu;r u MqykukA \\u0327 mQij pkrd iq=k lqu jgk FkkA mldh vk\\u00a1[kksa ls Hkh >j&>j vk\\u00a1lw >jus yxsA cM+h dfBurk ls og  jkr fcrk ldkA ikS iQVrs gh cM+s losjs og fiQj mM+kA ijarq vkt og foijhr fn'kk dks pyk] mlh  fn'kk dks ft\\\/j ls og vk;k FkkA mldh mM+ku igys ls rs\\u201dk gks xbZ FkhA fiQj Hkh vius dksVj rd  igq\\u00a1pus esa pkj fnu dh txg lkr fnu yx x,A nwljs fnu ls gh es?kksa us mBdj ,slh >M+h yxk nh  fd chp&chp esa dbZ txg jQddj gh og ogk\\u00a1 rd igq\\u00a1p ldkA \\u03bcfl;kjke'kj.k xqIr\"","\" 38 ys[kd ifjp; %  fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr] jk\\\"V\\u00aadfo eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr osQ NksVs HkkbZ FksA budk tUe 4 flracj] 1895  esa fpjxk\\u00a1o >k\\u00a1lh esa gqvk FkkA izkbejh f'k{kk osQ i'pkr~ ?kj esa gh xqtjkrh] vaxzs\\u201dkh vkSj mnZw Hkk\\\"kk lh[khA bu ij  xka\\u00e8khokn dk fo'ks\\\"k izHkko fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA buosQ [kaMdkO; gSa\\u03bcvukFk] vknzkZ] fo\\\"kkn] nwokZny] dkO;xzaFk\\u03bct; fgan]  ikFks;] miU;kl\\u03bcvafre vkdka{kk] ukjh vkSj xksn vkfnA 1962 esa ljLorh ghjd t;arh ls lEekfur fd, x,A budh  e`R;q 29 ekpZ] 1963 bZ\\u00f1 dks yach chekjh osQ ckn gqbZA u, 'kCn vfXu'kykdkvksa \\u03bc vkx dh yiVsa  {kq\\\/k    \\u03bc Hkw[k nX\\\/  \\u03bc xeZ  iks[kjh   \\u03bc rkykc fuLian  \\u03bc fcuk fgys Mqys  Lej.k   \\u03bc ;kn vk'kadk  \\u03bc lansg  i{kk?kkr  \\u03bc ydok dksVj  \\u03bc isM+ dk [kks[kyk Hkkx  vpy   \\u03bc xfrghu] vVy v\\\/hj  \\u03bc \\\/S;Zjfgr] ijs'kku  vof'k\\\"V \\u03bc cpk gqvk ckV  \\u03bc jkLrk  iz\\u00d1frLFk \\u03bc vius fpRr esa 'kkar vkSj Bgjk gqvk l\\\/  \\u03bc iwjk] fln~\\\/ djuk  egrs    \\u03bc ekfyd] Lokeh vuFkZ  \\u03bc cqjk  ik\\\"kk.k   \\u03bc iRFkj ;a=k.kk  \\u03bc ihM+k  o`rkar    \\u03bc fooj.k] ?kVuk] lekpkj r`fIr  \\u03bc r`Ir gksus dk Hkko  foifRr  \\u03bc eqlhcr eqgkojs ckV tksguk \\u03bc izrh{kk djuk  vk\\u00a1[kksa ls vks>y gksuk \\u03bc xk;c gks tkuk xr gksuk  \\u03bc e`R;q gks tkuk  ikS iQVuk  \\u03bc fnu fudyuk vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills vfXu'kykdkvksa       fuLian        ;a=k.kk        futZy         O;FkZ        cs<c Lej.k              iqQjgjh              i{kk?kkr              vof'k\\\"V              etwjh              iz\\u00d1frLFk ikB dh ckr   Comprehension Skills   1-  uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  pkrd iq=k vkSj mldk firk dgk\\u00a1 ckr dj jgs Fks\\\\   ([k)  pkrd iq=k D;ksa cspSu Fkk\\\\\"","\" 39   (x)  pkrd i{kh dkSu&lk ty xzg.k djrs gSa\\\\   (?k)  pkrd iq=k fdl ty dk xzg.k djus osQ fy, ?kj ls fudyk\\\\      (\\u00c4)  cqn~\\\/u D;ksa ysVk jgrk Fkk\\\\      (p)  xksoqQy us egrs ls #i, D;ksa ugha fy,\\\\       fyf[kr      (d)  pkrd iq=k osQ v\\\/hj gksus ij firk us mls D;k le>k;k\\\\   ([k)  vkneh us \\u00d1f\\\"k osQ fy, D;k cankscLr dj fy;k gS\\\\   (x)  iks[kjh osQ uke ls pkrd&iq=k D;ksa flgj mBk\\\\   (?k)  cqn~\\\/u xksoqQy dk bar\\u201dkkj 'kke gksus ij D;ksa dj jgk Fkk\\\\      (\\u00c4)  xksoqQy dks ml fnu e\\u201dknwjh D;ksa ugha feyh\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  pkrd iq=k us I;kl yxus ij firk ls oSQls roZQ&foroZQ fd;k\\\\   ([k)  cVqvk feyus ij xksoqQy us D;k fd;k\\\\   (x)  xksoqQy dk fdLlk lqudj cqn~\\\/u D;k cksyk\\\\   (?k)  vk'k; Li\\\"V dhft,A  ( i )  Hkkstu dk iwjk Lokn vkSj iwjh r`fIr ikus osQ fy, FkksM+h&lh {kq\\\/k lgu djuk vfuok;Z gh  ugha] vko';d Hkh gSA  ( ii )  de\\u201dkksjh ij mQij ls vk\\u00d8e.k djuk fot; dh igyh lh<+h gSA       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  ^le; lnk ,d&lk ugha jgrk*\\u03bc;g okD; fdlus dgs\\\\     pkrd us   pkrd iq=k us   xksoqQy us      ([k)  uhe dk o`{k dgk\\u00a1 Fkk\\\\     ?kj osQ ckgj   vk\\u00a1xu osQ chp   vk\\u00a1xu osQ dksus esa   (x)  cqn~\\\/u dk ?kj oSQlk Fkk\\\\     [kijSy dk   lhesaV dk   ?kkl&iwQl dk   2-  lgh 'kCn fy[kdj [kkyh LFkku Hkfj,A      (d)  de\\u201dkksjh ij mQij ls gh               djuk fot; dh igyh lh<+h gSA      ([k)      rhljh                   dh Fkdku feVkus osQ fy, og mlh ij mrjkA   (x)  pkrd iq=k dks ml               osQ Lej.k gh ls iqQjgjh vk xbZA   (?k)  ,d fnu ,dk,d               us mls vpy dj fn;kA      (\\u00c4)      xksoqQy     ls                   dh og voLFkk ns[kh u xbZA\"","\" 40 oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-   loZuke 'kCn ^loZ* vkSj ^uke* 'kCn osQ esy ls cuk gSA uke dk vFkZ gS laKkA vFkkZr~ laKk 'kCnksa osQ LFkku  ij vkus okys 'kCn  loZuke  dgykrs gSaA ckj&ckj ,d gh 'kCn dk iz;ksx lquus rFkk cksyus esa vViVk yxrk  gSA tSls\\u03bc vfnfr  cgqr vPNh v\\u00e8;kfidk gSaA  vfnfr  xf.kr i<+krh gSaA  vfnfr  dks cPps cgqr I;kj djrs gSaA     vc bls if<+,A      vfnfr cgqr vPNh v\\u00e8;kfidk gSaA  os  xf.kr i<+krh gSaA  mUgsa  cPps cgqr I;kj djrs gSaA     loZuke osQ Ng Hksn gksrs gSa\\u03bc \\u2022   iq#\\\"kokpd loZuke  (eSa] rw] vki] ge vkfn) \\u2022   fu'p;okpd loZuke  (;g] og vkfn) \\u2022   vfu'p;okpd loZuke  (dksbZ] oqQN) \\u2022   iz'uokpd loZuke  (D;k] dkSu] dgk\\u00a1) ij bu iz'uksa dk mRrj laKk esa gh gksuk pkfg,A \\u2022   laca\\\/okpd loZuke  (tks&lks] tks&oks) \\u2022   futokpd loZuke  (Lo;a] [kqn] vius vki)      jaxhu loZuke 'kCn dk lgh loZuke Hksn pqudj ( \\uf050 ) yxkb,A      (d)     vki      dgk\\u00a1  tk jgs gSa\\\\  iz'uokpd loZ-   iq#\\\"kokpd loZ-   futokpd loZ-      ([k)     eSa      rqEgkjh  ckr le> x;kA  vfu'p;okpd loZ-   iq#\\\"kokpd loZ-   laca\\\/okpd loZ-   (x)  jkgqy viuk dke  Lo;a  djrk gSA  fu'p;okpd loZ-   futokpd loZ-   laca\\\/okpd loZ-      (?k)     ckgj      dksbZ  [kM+k gSA  iz'uokpd loZ-   vfu'p;okpd loZ-   iq#\\\"kokpd loZ-      (\\u00c4)      og  esjk NksVk HkkbZ gSA  fu'p;okpd loZ-   vfu'p;okpd loZ-   iq#\\\"kokpd loZ-      (p)      tks  esgur djrk gS  ogh  iQy ikrk gSA  laca\\\/okpd loZ-   fu'p;okpd loZ-   iq#\\\"kokpd loZ-   2-  fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ loZuke 'kCn osQ mfpr :i n~okjk dhft,A      (d)     ;g     fp=k                    cuk;k\\\\  (dkSu)      ([k)      eSa     osQoy                    tkurk gw\\u00a1A  (og] cgqopu)   (x)   fiQYe ns[kus ugha tkukA  (eSa)   (?k)   esjk ukVd ns[kus vkuk gh gksxkA  (rw)      (\\u00c4)   dgk\\u00a1 tk jgs gks\\\\  (rw] vknjlwpd)\"","\" 41      (p)  bl fp=k esa                firkth dkSu ls gSa\\\\  (rw)   (N)   vkRefo'okl ns[kdj                [kq'kh gqbZA  (og] eSa)   3-  ikB esa ls Ng ;qXe&'kCn <w\\u00a1<+dj fyf[k,A                                                                   4-  uhps fn, okD;ksa esa jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ fyax cnydj okD; dks iqu% fyf[k,A      (d)  lekjksg esa dbZ  uk;d  mifLFkr FksA       ([k)      vusd      dfo  gkL; dfo lEesyu esa vk,A       (x)      ys[kd  us laqnj dgkuh fy[khA                                                (?k)      v\\u00e8;kid  d{kk esa vk x,A       (\\u00c4)      Nk=kksa  us e\\\/qj xhr xk;kA    5-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa esa milxZ vkSj ewy 'kCn vyx djosQ fyf[k,A     milxZ         ewy         'kCn   milxZ         ewy         'kCn       futZy   \\u03bc                                       miokl       \\u03bc                                          vfHk'kki   \\u03bc                                       de\\u201dkksj       \\u03bc                                          ifjJe   \\u03bc                                       fot;       \\u03bc                                      6-  uhps fn, okD;ksa esa fo'ks\\\"k.k 'kCnksa osQ uhps js[kk [khafp,A      (d)  cqn~\\\/u dk dPpk [kijSy dk ?kj FkkA   ([k)  xaxk th ;gk\\u00a1 ls ik\\u00a1p fnu dh mM+ku ij gSA   (x)  csVk] i`Foh dk ;g futZy miokl gSA   (?k)  iqjkuh ckrsa le; osQ fy, FkhaA      (\\u00c4)  xksoqQy losjs FkksM+s&ls pus [kkdj dke ij x;k FkkA oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Writing and Social Skills   1-  pkrd dks iqjkuh ih<+h vkSj pkrd&iq=k dks ubZ ;qok ih<+h ekudj nksuksa osQ chp laokn fyf[k,A   2-  ^bZekunkjh* vFkok ^pfj=k cy* ij ,d laf{kIr vuqPNsn fyf[k,A   3-  ml vuqHko dks fyf[k, tc vkius iqjkuh ih<+h osQ n`f\\\"Vdks.k dks viukdj viuh leL;k dk gy <w\\u00a1<+k gksA   4-  bl dgkuh esa vk, dfBu 'kCnksa dks <w\\u00a1<+dj muosQ vFkZ fdlh fganh 'kCndks'k esa nsf[k,A ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  ubZ ih<+h vkSj iqjkuh ih<+h osQ fopkjksa esa D;k varj gS\\\\\"","\" 42   2-  pkrd vius iq=k dks D;k dguk pkg jgk Fkk\\\\   3-  thou esa ln~xq.kksa dk D;k egRo gS\\\\ oxZ&igsyh   \\u2022   laosQrksa dh lgk;rk ls oxZ&igsyh iwjh dhft,A       laosQr   %     mQij ls uhps    ck,\\u00a1 ls nk,\\u00a1   2-  fdlh dk vknj djuk  1-  fujknj djuk   3-  izfln~f\\\/ izkIr u gksuk  4-  izfln~f\\\/ dk i;kZ; 'kCn   5-  j{kk djusokyk  6-  j{kd dk foykse   8-  tks i<+uk&fy[kuk tkurk gks  7-  tks i<+uk&fy[kuk u tkurk gks   9-  Mjiksd dk i;kZ; 'kCn  10-  cgknqj] 'kwj dk i;kZ; 'kCn   12-  ,d ls vf\\\/d gksus dk Hkko  11-  ,d gksus dk Hkko cqn~f\\\/foykl   \\u2022   cwf>, rks tkusaA      (d)  u fgyrh gw\\u00a1 u Mqyrh gw\\u00a1     fiQj Hkh lc txg igq\\u00a1p tkrh gw\\u00a1A      ([k)  ns[kks tknwxj dk deky     Mkys gjk fudkys ykyA   (x)  nsuk eq>s lHkh dks Hkkos]     ij ysus ls lc drjkosa     eSa gw\\u00a1 ,slh ph\\u201dk     tks cw>k] gks xbZ mldh thrA mRrj % (d) lM+d ([k) iku (x) mins'k dk u {k oh {k 'k d 29 8 12 3 5 1 6 4 11 7 10\"","\" 43 (dbZ ckj thou esa ,sls g\\u00a1lh osQ volj vk tkrs gSa] ftUgsa ;kn djosQ psgjs ij eqldjkgV vk tkrh gSA ;g dgkuh  Hkh lh\\\/s&lk\\\/s >kmQyky vkSj ia- fcyoklh th dh gSA fcyoklh th vius fe=k >kmQyky dh enn djus osQ fy,  ,d vaxzs\\u201dk dks ,d cs<axk&lk yksVk ,sfrgkfld crkdj csp nsrs gSa vkSj eqlhcr esa i\\u00a1Qls vius fe=k dh enn djrs  gSaA dgkuh gkL;&O;aX; 'kSyh esa izLrqr dh xbZ gSA) ykyk >kmQyky dks [kkus&ihus dh deh ugha FkhA  dk'kh osQ BBsjh ck\\u201dkkj esa edku FkkA uhps dh  nqdkuksa  ls  ,d  lkS  #i;s  ekfld  osQ  djhc   fdjk;k mrj vkrk FkkA vPNk [kkrs Fks] vPNk  igurs Fks] ij <kbZ lkS #i, rks ,d lkFk  vk\\u00a1[k lsadus osQ fy, Hkh u feyrs FksA blfy, tc mudh iRuh us ,d fnu  ,dk,d <kbZ lkS #i, dh ek\\u00a1x is'k dh]  rc mudk th ,d ckj \\u201dkksj ls luluk;k  vkSj  fiQj  cSB  x;kA  mudh  ;g  n'kk   ns[kdj iRuh us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6Mfj, er] vki  nsus esa vleFkZ gksa rks eSa vius HkkbZ ls  ek\\u00a1x yw\\u00a1\\\\ \\u0327 ykyk >kmQyky fryfeyk mBsA mUgksaus  jksc osQ lkFk dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6vth gVks] <kbZ lkS #i,  osQ fy, HkkbZ ls Hkh[k ek\\u00a1xksxh] eq>ls ys ysukA \\u0327 \\u00b6ysfdu eq>s blh f\\u201dkanxh esa pkfg,A \\u0327 \\u00b6vth blh lIrkg esa ys ysukA \\u0327 \\u00b6lIrkg ls vkidk rkRi;Z lkr fnu ls gS ;k lkr o\\\"kZ ls\\\\ \\u0327 ykyk >kmQyky us jksc osQ lkFk [kM+s gksrs gq, dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6vkt ls lkrosa fnu eq>ls <kbZ lkS #i,  ys ysukA \\u0327 ysfdu tc pkj fnu T;ksa&R;ksa esa ;ksa gh chr x, vkSj #i;ksa dk dksbZ izca\\\/ u gks ldk rc mUgsa  fpark gksus yxhA iz'u viuh izfr\\\"Bk dk Fkk] vius gh ?kj esa viuh lk[k dk FkkA nsus dk iDdk  vdcjh yksVk 6\"","\" 44 oknk djosQ vxj tc ns u losQ rks vius eu esa og D;k lkspsxh\\\\ mldh u\\u201dkjksa esa mldk D;k ewY;  jg tk,xk\\\\ viuh okgokgh dh lSdM+ksa xkFkk,\\u00a1 lquk pqosQ FksA vc tks ,d dke iM+k rks pkjksa [kkus  fpr gks jgsA ;g igyh ckj mlus eq\\u00a1g [kksydj oqQN #i;ksa dk loky fd;k FkkA bl le; vxj  nqe nckdj fudy Hkkxrs gSa rks mls D;k eq\\u00a1g fn[kyk,\\u00a1xs\\\\ [kSj] ,d fnu vkSj chrkA ik\\u00a1posa fnu ?kcjkdj mUgksaus ia- fcyoklh feJ dks viuh foink lqukbZA  la;ksx oqQN ,slk fcxM+k Fkk fd fcyoklh th Hkh ml le; fcyoqQy [kqD[k FksA mUgksaus dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6esjs  ikl gSa rks ugha ij eSa dgha ls ek\\u00a1x&tk\\u00a1pdj ykus dh dksf'k'k d:\\u00a1xk vkSj vxj fey x;k rks dy  'kke dks rqels edku ij feyw\\u00a1xkA \\u0327 ogh 'kke vkt FkhA g\\u00dd + rs dk vafre fnuA dy <kbZ lkS #i, ;k rks fxu nsuk gS ;k lkjh gsdM+h ls  gkFk \\\/ksuk gSA ;g lp gS fd dy #i;k u vkus ij mudh L=kh mUgsa MkeyiQk\\u00a1lh u dj nsxh\\u03bcosQoy  \\u201dkjk&lk g\\u00a1l nsxhA ij og oSQlh g\\u00a1lh gksxh] dYiuk ek=k ls >kmQyky esa ejksM+ iSnk gks tkrh FkhA vkt 'kke dks ia- fcyoklh feJ dks vkuk FkkA ;fn u vk, rks\\\\ ;k dgha #i, dk izca\\\/ os u  dj losQ\\\\ blh m\\\/sM+&cqu esa iM+s ykyk >kmQyky Nr ij Vgy jgs FksA oqQN I;kl ekywe gqbZA mUgksaus ukSdj  dks vkok\\u201dk nhA ukSdj ugha Fkk] [kqn mudh iRuh ikuh ysdj vkb\\u00b1A og ikuh rks \\u201dk:j ykb\\u00b1 ij fxykl ykuk Hkwy xbZ FkhaA osQoy yksVs esa ikuh fy, og izdV gqb\\u00b1A  fiQj yksVk Hkh la;ksx ls og tks viuh cs<axh lwjr osQ dkj.k ykyk >kmQyky dks lnk ls ukilan  FkkA Fkk rks u;k] lky nks lky dk gh cuk ij oqQN ,slh x<+u ml yksVs dh Fkh fd mldk cki  Me: vkSj ek\\u00a1 fpye jgh gksA ykyk us yksVk ys fy;k] cksys oqQN ugha] viuh iRuh dk vnc ekurs FksA ekuuk gh pkfg,A blh  dks lH;rk dgrs gSaA tks ifr viuh iRuh dk u gqvk] og ifr oSQlk\\\\ fiQj mUgksaus ;g Hkh lkspk  fd yksVs esa ikuh ns] rc Hkh xuher gS] vHkh vxj pw\\u00a1 dj nsrk gw\\u00a1 rks ckyVh esa Hkkstu feysxkA rc  D;k djuk ckdh jg tk,xk\\\\ ykyk viuk xqLlk ihdj ikuh ihus yxsA ml le; os Nr dh eq\\u00a1Msj osQ ikl gh [kM+s FksA ftu  cq\\u201dkqxks\\u00b1 us ikuh ihus osQ laca\\\/ esa ;g fu;e cuk, Fks fd [kM+s&[kM+s ikuh u fi;ks] lksrs le; ikuh  u fi;ks] nkSM+us osQ ckn ikuh u fi;ks] mUgksaus irk ugha dHkh ;g Hkh fu;e cuk;k ;k ugha fd Nr  dh eq\\u00a1Msj osQ ikl [kM+s gksdj ikuh u fi;ksA tku iM+rk gS fd bl egRoiw.kZ fo\\\"k; ij mu yksxksa us  oqQN ugha dgk gSA ykyk >kmQyky eqf'dy ls nks&,d ?kw\\u00a1V ih ik, gksaxs fd u tkus oSQls mudk gkFk fgy mBk  vkSj yksVk NwV x;kA yksVs us nk,\\u00a1 ns[kk u ck,\\u00a1] og uhps xyh dh vksj py iM+kA vius osx esa mYdk dks ytkrk gqvk  og vk\\u00a1[kksa ls vks>y gks x;kA fdlh \\u201dkekus esa U;wVu uke osQ fdlh [kqjkI + kQkrh us i`Foh dh vkd\\\"kZ.k \"","\" 45 'kfDr uke dh ,d ph\\u201dk bZtkn dh FkhA dguk u gksxk fd ;g lkjh 'kfDr bl le; yksVs osQ i{k  esa FkhA ykyk dks dkVks rks cnu esa [kwu ughaA ,slh pyrh gqbZ xyh esa m\\u00a1Qps freatys ls Hkjs  gq, yksVs dk fxjuk g\\u00a1lh&[ksy ughaA ;g yksVk u tkus fdl vukf\\\/dkjh osQ >ksaiM+s ij  dk'khokl dk lans'k ysdj igq\\u00a1psxkA  oqQN gqvk Hkh ,slk ghA xyh esa \\u201dkksj dk gYyk mBkA  ykyk >kmQyky tc rd nkSM+dj uhps mrjs rc rd  ,d Hkkjh HkhM+ muosQ vk\\u00a1xu esa ?kql vkbZA ykyk >kmQyky us ns[kk fd bl HkhM+ esa iz\\\/ku ik=k ,d vaxzs\\u201dk gS tks u[kf'k[k ls Hkhxk gqvk gS  vkSj tks vius ,d iSj dks gkFk ls lgykrk gqvk nwljs iSj ij ukp jgk gSA mlh osQ ikl vijk\\u00e8kh  yksVs dks Hkh ns[kdj ykyk >kmQyky th us I + kQkSju nks vkSj nks tksM+dj fLFkfr dks le> fy;kA fxjus osQ iwoZ yksVk ,d nqdku osQ lk;oku ls Vdjk;kA ogk\\u00a1 Vdjkdj ml nqdku ij [kM+s ml  vaxzs\\u201dk dks mlus lkaxksikax Luku djk;k vkSj fiQj mlh osQ cwV ij vk fxjkA ml vaxzs\\u201dk dks tc ekywe gqvk fd ykyk >kmQyky gh ml yksVs osQ ekfyd gSa rc mlus osQoy  ,d dke fd;kA vius eq\\u00a1g dks [kksydj [kqyk NksM+ fn;kA ykyk >kmQyky dks vkt gh ;g ekywe  gqvk fd vaxzs\\u201dkh Hkk\\\"kk esa xkfy;ksa dk ,slk izdkaM dks\\\"k gSA blh le; ia- fcyoklh feJ HkhM+ dks phjrs gq, vk\\u00a1xu esa vkrs fn[kkbZ iM+sA mUgksaus vkrs gh  igyk dke ;g fd;k fd ml vaxzs\\u201dk dks NksM+dj vkSj ftrus vkneh vk\\u00a1xu esa ?kql vk, Fks] lcdks  ckgj fudky fn;kA fiQj vk\\u00a1xu esa oqQlhZ j[kdj mUgksaus lkgc ls dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6vkiosQ iSj esa 'kk;n oqQN  pksV vk xbZ gSA vc vki vkjke ls oqQlhZ ij cSB tkb,A \\u0327\"","\" 46 lkgc fcyoklh th dks \\\/U;okn nsrs gq, cSB x, vkSj ykyk >kmQyky dh vksj b'kkjk djosQ  cksys\\u03bc\\u00b6vki bl 'k[l dks tkurs gSa\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6fcyoqQy ughaA vkSj eSa ,sls vkneh dks tkuuk Hkh ugha pkgrk tks fujhg jkg pyrksa ij yksVs  osQ okj djsA \\u0327 \\u00b6esjh le> esa ^gh bt , Msatjl f\\u00d8feuy* (;kuh] ;g ,d [krjukd eq\\u201dkfje gS)A \\u0327 ijekRek us ykyk >kmQyky dh vk\\u00a1[kksa dks bl le; dgha ns[kus osQ lkFk [kkus dh Hkh 'kfDr  ns nh gksrh rks ;g fu'p; gS fd vc rd fcyoklh th dks os viuh vk\\u00a1[kksa ls [kk pqosQ gksrsA os  oqQN le> ugha ikrs Fks fd fcyoklh th dks bl le; D;k gks x;k gSA lkgc us fcyoklh th ls iwNk\\u03bc\\u00b6rks D;k djuk pkfg,\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6iqfyl esa bl ekeys dh fjiksVZ dj nhft, ftlls ;g vkneh I + kQkSju fgjklr esa ys fy;k tk,A \\u0327 \\u00b6iqfyl LVs'ku gS dgk\\u00a1\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6ikl gh gS] pfy, eSa crkm\\u00a1QA \\u0327 \\u00b6pfy,A \\u0327 \\u00b6vHkh pykA vkidh btk\\u201dkr gks rks igys eSa bl yksVs dks bl vkneh ls [kjhn yw\\u00a1A D;ksa th  cspksxs\\\\ eSa ipkl #i, rd blosQ nke ns ldrk gw\\u00a1A \\u0327 ykyk >kmQyky rks pqi jgs ij lkgc us iwNk\\u03bc\\u00b6bl  jn~nh yksVs osQ vki ipkl #i, D;ksa ns jgs gSa\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6vki bl yksVs dks jn~nh crkrs gSa\\\\ vk'p;Z!  eSa rks vkidks ,d foK vkSj lqf'kf{kr vkneh  le>rk FkkA \\u0327 \\u00b6vkf[kj ckr D;k gS] oqQN crkb, HkhA \\u0327 \\u00b6tukc ;g ,d ,sfrgkfld yksVk tku iM+rk  gSA tku D;k iM+rk gS] eq>s iwjk fo'okl gSA ;g  og izfln~\\\/ vdcjh yksVk gS ftldh ryk'k esa  lalkj&Hkj osQ E;wf\\u201dk;e ijs'kku gSaA \\u0327 \\u00b6;g ckr\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6th] tukcA lksygoha 'krkCnh dh ckr gSA ckn'kkg  gqek;w\\u00a1 'ksj'kkg ls gkjdj Hkkxk Fkk vkSj fla\\\/ osQ jsfxLrku  esa ekjk&ekjk fiQj jgk FkkA ,d volj ij I;kl ls  mldh tku fudy jgh FkhA ml le; ,d czkg~e.k us  blh yksVs ls ikuh fiykdj mldh tku cpkbZ FkhA gqek;w\\u00a1  osQ ckn vdcj us ml czkg~e.k dk irk yxkdj mlls \"","\" 48 ;g lquuk Fkk fd lkgc osQ psgjs ij izlUurk dh ow\\u00a1Qph fiQj xbZA mlus >iVdj yksVk fy;k  vkSj cksyk\\u03bc\\u00b6vc eSa g\\u00a1lrk gqvk vius ns'k ykSVw\\u00a1xkA estj Mxyl dh Mhax lqurs&lqurs esjs dku id  x, FksA \\u0327 \\u00b6estj Mxyl dkSu gSa\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6estj Mxyl esjs iM+kslh gSaA iqjkuh ph\\u201dkksa osQ laxzg djus esa esjh mudh gksM+ jgrh gSA xr o\\\"kZ  os fganqLrku vk, Fks vkSj ;gk\\u00a1 ls tgk\\u00a1xhjh vaMk ys x, FksA \\u0327 \\u00b6tgk\\u00a1xhjh vaMk\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6gk\\u00a1] tgk\\u00a1xhjh vaMkA estj Mxyl us le> j[kk Fkk fd fganqLrku ls os gh vPNh ph\\u201dksa ys ldrs  gSaA \\u0327 \\u00b6ij tgk\\u00a1xhjh vaMk gS D;k\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6vki tkurs gksaxs fd ,d dcwrj us uwjtgk\\u00a1 ls tgk\\u00a1xhj dk izse djk;k FkkA tgk\\u00a1xhj osQ iwNus ij  fd] esjk ,d dcwrj rqeus oSQls mM+ tkus fn;k] uwjtgk\\u00a1 us mlosQ nwljs dcwrj dks mM+kdj crk;k Fkk]  fd ,slsA mlosQ bl Hkksysiu ij tgk\\u00a1xhj fnykstku ls fuNkoj gks x;kA mlh {k.k ls mlus vius dks  uwjtgk\\u00a1 osQ gkFk dj fn;kA dcwrj dk ;g vglku og ugha HkwykA mlosQ ,d vaMs dks cM+s tru ls  j[k NksM+kA ,d fcYyksj dh gk\\u00a1Mh esa og mlosQ lkeus V\\u00a1xk jgrk FkkA ckn esa ogh vaMk ^tgk\\u00a1xhjh  vaMk* osQ uke ls izfln~\\\/ gqvkA mlh dks estj Mxyl us ikjlky fnYyh esa ,d  eqlyeku lTtu ls rhu lkS #i, esa [kjhnkA \\u0327 \\u00b6;g ckr\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6gk\\u00a1] ij vc esjs vkxs nwu dh ugha ys ldrsA esjk vdcjh yksVk muosQ tgk\\u00a1xhjh  vaMs ls Hkh ,d iq'r iqjkuk gSA \\u0327 \\u00b6bl fj'rs ls rks vkidk yksVk ml vaMs dk  cki gqvkA \\u0327 lkgc us ykyk >kmQyky dks ik\\u00a1p lkS #i,  nsdj viuh jkg yhA ykyk >kmQyky dk psgjk bl  le; ns[krs curk FkkA tku iM+rk Fkk fd eq\\u00a1g ij Ng  fnu dh c<+h gqbZ nk<+h dk ,d&,d cky ekjs izlUurk  ls ygjk jgk gSA mUgksaus iwNk\\u03bc\\u00b6fcyoklh th! esjs fy, <kbZ  lkS #i, ?kj ls ysdj vk,! ij vkiosQ ikl rks Fks ughaA \\u0327 \\u00b6bl Hksn dks esjs flok, esjk bZ'oj gh tkurk gSA vki  mlh ls iwN yhft,] eSa ugha crkm\\u00a1QxkA \\u0327 \\u00b6ij vki pys dgk\\u00a1\\\\ vHkh eq>s vkils dke gS nks  ?kaVs rdA \\u0327\"","\" 47 bl yksVs dks ys fy;k vkSj blosQ cnys esa mls blh izdkj osQ nl lksus osQ yksVs iznku fd,A ;g  yksVk lezkV vdcj dks cgqr I;kjk FkkA blh ls bldk uke vdcjh yksVk iM+kA og cjkcj blh ls  o\\u201dkw djrs FksA lu lRrkou rd blosQ 'kkgh ?kjkus esa jgus dk irk gSA ij blosQ ckn ykirk gks x;kA  dydRrk (dksydkrk) osQ E;wf\\u201dk;e esa bldk IykLVj dk ekWMy j[kk gqvk gSA irk ugha ;g yksVk  bl vkneh osQ ikl oSQls vk;k\\\\ E;wf\\u201dk;e okyksa dks irk pys rks iSaQlh nke nsdj [kjhn ys tk,\\u00a1A bl fooj.k dks lqurs&lqurs lkgc dh vk\\u00a1[kksa ij yksHk vkSj vk'p;Z dk ,slk izHkko iM+k fd os  dkSM+h osQ vkdkj ls c<+dj idkSM+h osQ vkdkj dh gks xb\\u00b1A mlus fcyoklh th ls iwNk\\u03bc\\u00b6rks vki  bl yksVs dk D;k dfj,xk\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6eq>s iqjkuh vkSj ,sfrgkfld ph\\u201dkksa osQ laxzg dk 'kkSd gSA \\u0327 \\u00b6eq>s Hkh iqjkuh vkSj ,sfrgkfld ph\\u201dkksa osQ laxzg djus dk 'kkSd gSA ftl le; ;g yksVk esjs mQij  fxjk Fkk] ml le; eSa ;gh dj jgk FkkA ml nqdku ls ihry dh oqQN iqjkuh ewfrZ;k\\u00a1 [kjhn jgk FkkA \\u0327 \\u00b6tks oqQN gks] yksVk eSa gh [kjhnw\\u00a1xkA \\u0327 \\u00b6okg] vki oSQls [kjhnsaxs] eSa [kjhnw\\u00a1xk] ;g esjk gd gSA \\u0327 \\u00b6gd gS\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6\\u201dk:j gd gSA ;g crkb, fd ml yksVs osQ ikuh ls vkius Luku fd;k ;k eSaus\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6vkiusA \\u0327 \\u00b6og vkiosQ iSjksa ij fxjk ;k esjs\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6vkiosQA \\u0327 \\u00b6v\\u00a1xwBk mlus vkidk Hkqjrk fd;k ;k esjkA \\u0327 \\u00b6vkidkA \\u0327 \\u00b6blfy, mls [kjhnus dk gd esjk gSA \\u0327 \\u00b6;g lc cdokl gSA nke yxkb,] tks vf\\\/d ns] og ys tk,A \\u0327 \\u00b6;gh lghA vki bldk ipkl #i;k yxk jgs Fks] eSa lkS nsrk gw\\u00a1A \\u0327 \\u00b6eSa Ms<+ lkS nsrk gw\\u00a1A \\u0327 \\u00b6eSa nks lkS nsrk gw\\u00a1A \\u0327 \\u00b6vth eSa <kbZ lkS nsrk gw\\u00a1A \\u0327 ;g dgdj fcyoklh th us <kbZ lkS osQ uksV ykyk >kmQyky osQ  vkxs isaQd fn,A lkgc dks Hkh rko vk x;kA mlus dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6vki <kbZ lkS nsrs gSa] rks eSa ik\\u00a1p lkS nsrk gw\\u00a1A vc  pfy,A \\u0327  fcyoklh th vI + kQlksl osQ lkFk vius #i, mBkus yxs] ekuks viuh vk'kkvksa dh yk'k mBk jgs  gksaA lkgc dh vksj ns[kdj mUgksaus dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6yksVk vkidk gqvk] ys tkb,] esjs ikl <kbZ lkS ls vf\\\/d  ugha gSaA \\u0327\"","\" 49 \\u00b6nks ?kaVs rd\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6gk\\u00a1] vkSj D;k] vHkh eSa vkidh ihB Bksddj 'kkck'kh nw\\u00a1xk] ,d ?kaVk blesa yxsxkA fiQj xys  yxkdj \\\/U;okn nw\\u00a1xk] ,d ?kaVk blesa Hkh yx tk,xkA \\u0327 \\u00b6vPNk igys ik\\u00a1p lkS #i, fxudj lgst yhft,A \\u0327 #i;k vxj viuk gks] rks mls lgstuk ,d ,slk lq[kn eueksgd dk;Z gS fd euq\\\"; ml le;  lgt esa gh rUe;rk izkIr dj ysrk gSA ykyk >kmQyky us viuk dk;Z lekIr djosQ mQij ns[kkA  ij fcyoklh th bl chp var\\\/kZu gks x,A ml fnu jkf=k esa fcyoklh th dks nsj rd uhan ugha vkbZA os pknj yisVs pkjikbZ ij iM+s jgsA  ,d cts os mBsA \\\/hjs] cgqr \\\/hjs ls viuh lksbZ gqbZ iRuh osQ xys ls mUgksaus lksus dh og fldM+h  fudkyh ftlesa ,d rkyh c\\u00a1\\\/h gqbZ FkhA fiQj mlosQ dejs esa tkdj mUgksaus ml rkyh ls lanwd [kksykA  mlesa <kbZ lkS osQ uksV T;ksa&osQ&R;ksa j[kdj mUgksaus mls can dj fn;kA fiQj ncs ik\\u00a1o ykSVdj rkyh  dks mUgksaus iwoZor viuh iRuh osQ xys esa Mky fn;kA blosQ ckn mUgksaus g\\u00a1ldj v\\u00a1xM+kbZ yhA nwljs  fnu lqcg vkB cts rd pSu dh uhan lks,A \\u03bcvUuiw.kkZuan oekZ ys[kd ifjp; %  vUuiw.kkZuan oekZ chloha lnh osQ iwokZ\\\/Z osQ izeq[k lkfgR;dkjksa esa ls ,d FksA bUgksaus dfork,\\u00a1]  miU;kl rFkk dgkfu;k\\u00a1 fy[khaA ;s eq[; :i ls gkL; O;aX; iz\\\/ku ys[kd osQ :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA budh oqQN  jpuk,\\u00a1 gSa\\u03bc^esjh g\\u201dkker*] ^egkdfo pkpk* vkfnA bUgksaus viuh gkL; jpukvksa ls fganh lkfgR; dks le`n~\\\/ fd;kA  budh 'kSyh ,slh Fkh fd O;aX; vkSj gkL; dh lhek js[kk,\\u00a1 \\\/q\\u00a1\\\/yh iM+ tkrh FkhaA budk gkL; ys[ku tu#fp dks  vkdf\\\"kZr djus okyk FkkA u, 'kCn BBsjh ck\\u201dkkj \\u03bc crZuksa dk ck\\u201dkkj  vukf\\\/dkjh \\u03bc ftls vf\\\/dkj u gks lk[k  \\u03bc b\\u201d\\u201dkr  dk'khokl  \\u03bc eks{k ekxZ foink  \\u03bc eqlhcr  iz\\\/ku  \\u03bc eq[; la;ksx  \\u03bc vpkud  u[kf'k[k   \\u03bc uk[kwu ls flj rd osQ lc vax [kqD[k  \\u03bc [kkyh] ftlosQ ikl oqQN u gks  lk;oku    \\u03bc Nktu] dejs osQ vkxs dh vksj gsdM+h  \\u03bc vdM+      Nk;k osQ fy, cuh Vhu MkeyiQk\\u00a1lh  \\u03bc mez Hkj dh oSQn] ns'k fudkyk      dh Nr x<+u  \\u03bc cukoV] xBu  lkaxksikax   \\u03bc laiw.kZ vaxksa ls ;qDr] laiw.kZ vnc  \\u03bc f'k\\\"Vkpkj] vknj      vaxksa lfgr eq\\u00a1Msj  \\u03bc NTts dh nhokj  izdkaM     \\u03bc cgqr cM+k] oqQ'ky mYdk  \\u03bc izdk'k] rs\\u201dk] e'kky] ,d izdkj  fujhg  \\u03bc funksZ\\\"k] pqipki jgusokyk]     dk fiaM tks jkr esa b\\\/j&m\\\/j      mnklhu] fojDr     tkrk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA  foK  \\u03bc fon~oku] Kkuh\"","\" 50 [kqjkI + kQkrh   \\u03bc c[ksM+k djusokyk] >xM+kyw  o\\u201dkw  \\u03bc uek\\u201dk ls igys gkFk&iSj vkSj bZtkn  \\u03bc vkfo\\\"dkj      eq\\u00a1g \\\/ksus dk ikuh eqgkojs vk\\u00a1[k lsaduk  \\u03bc lqanj oLrq dks ns[krs jguk  fryfeyk mBuk   \\u03bc \\u00d8ksf\\\/r gks tkuk pkjksa [kkus fpRr gksuk  \\u03bc fujk'k gks tkuk  nqe nckdj Hkkxuk \\u03bc Mjdj Hkkx tkuk vk\\u00a1[kksa ls vks>y gks tkuk \\u03bc xk;c gks tkuk  dku id tkuk   \\u03bc lqu&lqudj Fkd tkuk ihB Bksduk  \\u03bc 'kkck'kh nsuk  dkVks rks [kwu ugha \\u03bc LrC\\\/ jg tkuk vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills BBsjh           rkRi;Z           [kqD[k           MkeyiQk\\u00a1lh           U;wVu           vukf\\\/dkjh lkaxksikax        izdkaM        fcYyksj        rUe;rk                  v\\u00a1xM+kbZ        iwoZor ikB dh ckr   Comprehension Skills   1-  uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  iRuh us ykyk >kmQyky osQ vkxs fdldh ek\\u00a1x j[kh\\\\   ([k)  ykyk >kmQyky iRuh dh fdl ckr ij fryfeyk mBs\\\\   (x)  ykyk >kmQyky us viuh foink fdls lqukbZ\\\\   (?k)  ykyk >kmQyky dks yksVk fdl dkj.k ilan ugha Fkk\\\\      (\\u00c4)  ykyk >kmQyky osQ gkFk ls yksVk fxjus ij D;k gqvk\\\\       fyf[kr      (d)  ia- fcyoklh feJ us vaxzs\\u201dk dks oqQlhZ ij D;ksa fcBk;k\\\\   ([k)  vaxsz\\u201dk yksVk [kjhnus osQ fy, D;ksa jkth gks x;k\\\\   (x)  ikuh ihus osQ laca\\\/ esa cq\\u201dkqxks\\u00b1 us dkSu&dkSu ls fu;e cuk, gSa\\\\   (?k)  fcyoklh th us vaxzs\\u201dk dks iqfyl esa ekeys dh fjiksVZ djus dh D;ksa lykg nh\\\\      (\\u00c4)  vaxzs\\u201dk dks fdldk 'kkSd Fkk\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  fcyoklh th us vaxzs\\u201dk dks yksVs dh D;k dgkuh crkbZ\\\\   ([k)  yksVs dh dher dk I + kSQlyk oSQls gqvk\\\\   (x)  ykyk >kmQyky ia- fcyoklh feJ osQ ikl iSlk m\\\/kj ek\\u00a1xus D;ksa x, Fks\\\\\"","\" 51   (?k)  fcyoklh th ykyk >kmQyky ls ifjfpr gksus ij Hkh vaxzs\\u201dk osQ lkeus D;ksa ugha igpkus\\\\      (\\u00c4)  vaxzs\\u201dk yksVs ls bruk izHkkfor D;ksa gqvk\\\\      (p)  bu iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li\\\"V dhft,A  ( i )  vius osx esa mYdk dks ytkrk gqvk og vk\\u00a1[kksa ls vks>y gks x;kA  ( ii )  iz'u viuh izfr\\\"Bk dk Fkk] vius gh ?kj esa viuh lk[k dk FkkA       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  ykyk >kmQyky dh dekbZ dk lk\\\/u D;k Fkk\\\\  nqdkuksa ls feyus okyk fdjk;k   iqjkuh ph\\u201dksa cspuk   ukSdjh djosQ iSlk dekuk      ([k)  ykyk >kmQyky dh iRuh us fdrus jQi, dh ek\\u00a1x dh\\\\  Ms<+ lkS   rhu lkS   <kbZ lkS   (x)  i`Foh dh xq#Rokd\\\"kZ.k 'kfDr dk vkfo\\\"dkjd dkSu Fkk\\\\  IysVks   U;wVu   vjLrq   (?k)  lu lRrkou rd yksVk fdl ?kjkus esa Fkk\\\\  'kkgh   jktlh   jkt?kjkuk   2-  ifBr xn~;ka'k dks i<+dj iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A      ykyk >kmQyky us ns[kk fd bl HkhM+ esa iz\\\/ku ik=k ,d vaxzs\\u201dk gS tks u[kf'k[k ls Hkhxk gqvk gS vkSj tks  vius ,d iSj dks gkFk ls lgykrk gqvk nwljs iSj ij ukp jgk gSA mlh osQ ikl vijk\\u00e8kh yksVs dks Hkh ns[kdj  ykyk >kmQyky th us I + kQkSju nks vkSj nks tksM+dj fLFkfr dks le> fy;kA fxjus osQ iwoZ yksVk ,d nqdku  osQ lk;oku ls Vdjk;kA ogk\\u00a1 Vdjkdj ml nqdku ij [kM+s ml vaxzs\\u201dk dks mlus lkaxksikax Luku djk;k vkSj  fiQj mlh osQ cwV ij vk fxjkA   (d)  HkhM+ esa iz\\\/ku ik=k dkSu Fkk\\\\      ([k)  vaxzs\\u201dk ,d iSj ij D;ksa ukp jgk Fkk\\\\   (x)  fxjus osQ iwoZ yksVk dgk\\u00a1 Vdjk;k\\\\ oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-  if<+,  vkSj  lef>,A      Hkk\\\"kk esa Hkkoksa vFkok vFkZ dh Li\\\"Vrk osQ fy, ftu fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa fojke&fpg~u  dgrs gSaA ;s fuEufyf[kr gSa\\u03bc\"","\" 52      (d)     iw.kZ     fojke      A            (t)           mn~\\\/j.k           fpg~u            ^*   \\u00b6 \\u0327      ([k)     vYi     fojke      ]            (>)           dks\\\"Bd           fpg~u            ()      (x)     v\\\/Z     fojke      _            (\\u00d7k)           funsZ'kd           fpg~u            \\u03bc      (?k)     mi     fojke      %            (V)           fooj.k           fpg~u            %&      (\\u00c4)     foLe;kfncks\\\/d      !            (B)           galin           fpg~u            @ ~      (p)     iz'uokpd     lwpd      \\\\            (M)           yk?ko           fpg~u            \\u00f1      (N)     ;kstd     fpg~u      &      uhps fn, okD;ksa esa mfpr fojke&fpg~u yxkb,A      (d)  ykyk >kmQyky dks [kkus ihus dh deh ugha Fkh   ([k)  lkgc us fcyoklh th ls iwNk rks D;k djuk pkfg,   (x)  os pknj yisVs pkjikbZ ij iM+s jgs   (?k)  nke yxkb, tks vf\\\/d ns og ys tk,      (\\u00c4)  bl jn~nh yksVs osQ vki ipkl #i, D;ksa ns jgs gSa   2-  uhps fn, rRle 'kCnksa osQ rn~Hko :i fyf[k,A    rRle        rn~Hko  rRle       rn~Hko       i{k   \\u03bc                                         jkf=k                         \\u03bc                                            ek=k   \\u03bc                                         dks\\\"k                         \\u03bc                                            vfLFk   \\u03bc                                         Luku                         \\u03bc                                            xkFkk,\\u00a1   \\u03bc                                         izdkaM                         \\u03bc                                        3-  lgh f\\u00d8;k :i fy[kdj okD; iwjs dhft,A      (d)  fxjus osQ iwoZ yksVk nqdku osQ lk;oku ls               A (Vdjkuk)   ([k)  xyh esa \\u201dkksj dk gYyk               A (mBuk)   (x)  #i;ksa dk dksbZ izca\\\/ u gks ldk rc mUgsa fpark gksus               A (yxuk)   (?k)  mls blh izdkj osQ nl yksVs iznku               A (djuk)   (\\u00c4)  mlosQ dejs esa tkdj mUgksaus ml rkyh ls lanwd               A ([kksyuk)   4-  uhps fn, x, okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn pqudj fyf[k,A ,sfrgkfld  lIrkg  vf'kf{kr  'krkCnh  lkaxksikax  frjkgk  ekfld  freaf\\u201dkyk       rhu   eaf\\u201dkyokyk   \\u03bc                     rhu jkgksa dk lewg  \\u03bc                     tks f'kf{kr u gks  \\u03bc                   lkr fnuksa dk lewg  \\u03bc               \"","\" 53      lkS o\\\"kks\\u00b1 dk lewg  \\u03bc                   bfrgkl ls lacaf\\\/r  \\u03bc                     mQij ls uhps rd \\u03bc                   eghus esa ,d ckj gksusokyk \\u03bc                   5-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ vkxs feyrs&tqyrs ;qXe 'kCn fyf[k,A       gjs   \\u03bc                                          i'kq                         \\u03bc                                             jhfr   \\u03bc                                          vkl                         \\u03bc                                             dke   \\u03bc                                          lh\\\/k                         \\u03bc                                             :[kk   \\u03bc                                          vkeksn                         \\u03bc                                         6-  uhps fn, eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ fy[kdj okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,A      (d)     vk\\u00a1[k     lsaduk        \\u03bc                                                                                                                         ([k)     ihB     Bksaduk      \\u03bc                                                                                                                      (x)  dkVks rks [kwu ugha    \\u03bc                                                                                                                  (?k)  nqe nckdj Hkkxuk    \\u03bc                                                                                                                     (\\u00c4)  vk\\u00a1[kksa ls vks>y gksuk \\u03bc                                                                                                                  7-  funsZ'kkuqlkj okD;ksa esa ifjorZu dhft,A      (d)  lafpr rqe ;g dk;Z vHkh djksA  (fu\\\"ks\\\/okpd)                                                                                    ([k)  vkt o\\\"kkZ ugha gksxhA  (iz'uokpd)                                                                                 (x)  xka\\\/hth dk uke fdlus ugha lqukA  (fo\\\/kulwpd)                                                                                 (?k)  fouhr iqLrd i<+ pqdkA  (iz'uokpd)                                                                                    (\\u00c4)  dfj'ek us viuk dke [kRe ugha fd;kA  (fo\\\/kulwpd)                                                                              \"","\" 54 oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Writing and Creative Skills   1-  ikB osQ dfBu 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr dhft, fiQj mUgsa 'kCndks'k osQ ozQe ls yxkb,A   2-  ikB ls lacaf\\\/r ,d dkVZwu cukb, vFkok pkj iafDr;ksa dh dfork fyf[k,A   3-  ijh{kkvksa dh vko';drk\\u03bcbl fo\\\"k; ij d{kk esa vius fopkj O;Dr dhft,A   4-  fdlh Hkh laxzgky; osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh ,df=kr dj ,d izs\\u201dksaVs'ku rS;kj dhft,A   5-  bfrgkl osQ vk\\\/kj ij vdcj dk oa'k o`{k cukb,A ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  ;fn vaxzs\\u201dk fcyoklh th dh pkykdh dks le> tkrk rks D;k gksrk\\\\   2-  iqjkuh oLrqvksa dh izkekf.kdrk vki fdl izdkj igpkusaxs\\\\   3-  ;fn vkidks ykyk >kmQyky dh rjg ik\\u00a1p lkS #i, feyrs rks vki mldk D;k djrs\\\\ vifBr xn~;ka'k \\u2022   xn~;ka'k i<+dj iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A      ^jk\\\"V\\u00aah;rk* dk Hkko ns'k osQ ukxfjdksa dks ,d lw=k esa ck\\u00a1\\\/rk gSA viuh ekr`Hkwfe ij U;ksNkoj gksus okys  ohjksa dk \\u00e2n; lnSo vius ns'k dh j{kk djus osQ fy, gh \\\/M+drk gSA lhek ij rSukr izgjh vius xk\\u00a1o vkSj  ?kj dks Hkwydj ek=k ns'k dh lsok esa viuk thou nk\\u00a1o ij yxk nsrs gSaA 26 tuojh gks ;k 15 vxLr dk  fnu gj Hkkjroklh dk psgjk ml fnu ned mBrk gS vkSj muesa mRlkg o tks'k ns[krs gh curk gSA jk\\\"V\\u00aah;  \\u00e8ot osQ izfr lHkh osQ \\u00e2n; esa lEeku fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA gekjs ns'k us cjlksa rd xqykeh dh ihM+k dks lgk  gSA vusdkusd ohjksa dh oqQckZfu;ksa us bl ns'k dks Lora=krk fnykbZA Hkkjr dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk ;gk\\u00a1 dh  feV~Vh esa jph&clh gSA gekjs ns'k us viuh laL\\u00d1fr vkSj ijaijk dks lnSo thfor j[kk gSA   (d)  ns'k osQ ukxfjdksa dks ,dlw=k esa dkSu ck\\u00a1\\\/rk gS\\\\      ([k)  Hkkjroklh dk psgjk fdl fnu ned mBrk gS\\\\   (x)  ^Lora=krk* vkSj ^izkphu* 'kCn dk foykse crkb,A                    (?k)  ^izgjh* dk D;k vFkZ gS\\\\\"","\" 55 (izLrqr ikB Mk;jh fo\\\/k esa fy[kk x;k gSA blesa lqu;uk Lo;a cgqr lqanj gksus osQ dkj.k laqnj oLrqvksa o O;fDr;ksa  dks gh viuk le>rh FkhA og vkl&ikl lnSo lqanjrk dk cukoVh ?ksjk cuk, jgrh ftls mlosQ nknkth us rksM+kA  mUgksaus mldk lPpkbZ ls lkeuk djk;k rFkk lHkh osQ fy, mlosQ eu esa izse dh Hkkouk o l\\u00e2n;rk dk Hkko txk;kA) 5 vxLr vkt Hkh eSa jks\\u201dk dh rjg cu&l\\u00a1ojdj fon~;ky; xbZA  eSa 'kq: ls gh lqanjrk dh nhokuh jgh gw\\u00a1A vius dks  'kh'ks esa fugkjuk] ltuk&l\\u00a1ojuk eq>s cgqr ilan gSA  esjs twrs] cSx] f[kykSus] isu] dkWih] diM+s lc oqQN  lkI + kQ&lqFkjs vkSj lqanj jgrs gSaA esjh lgsfy;k\\u00a1 Hkh  esjh  blh  ckr  dh  rkjhI + kQ  djrh  gSaA  d{kk  esa   Hkh eSaus mUgha dks viuk fe=k cuk;k gS tks  ns[kus  esa  vPNs  yxrs  gSaA  viuh  bl   vknr osQ dkj.k eSa de gh lcls  ?kqyrh&feyrh gw\\u00a1A ?kj esa nknkth esjs  lcls vPNs nksLr gSaA ge gj 'kke cxhps  esa ?kweus tkrs gSa tgk\\u00a1 nknkth taxyh fcfYy;ksa]  oqQRrksa vkfn dks ?kj dk cpk gqvk [kkuk f[kykrs gSaA vkt Hkh ge cxhps esa x, Fks] tgk\\u00a1 cM+h nsj  cSBdj geus xi'ki dhA 8 vxLr vkt 'kke lhek viuh eEeh osQ lkFk gekjs ?kj vkbZ ftl dkj.k eSa nknkth osQ lkFk cxhps esa u  tk ldhA cxhps ls ykSVrs le; nknkth vius lkFk ,d fcYyh ysdj vk, tks cqjh rjg ?kk;y  FkhA nknkth fcuk oqQN cksys ?kj osQ uhps cus rg[kkus esa pys x,A eSa Hkh muosQ ihNs&ihNs py nhA  vDlj nknkth viuk le; ;gha xq\\u201dkkjrs gSaA ;gk\\u00a1 iqjkuh fdrkcsa] lekpkj&i=k] iqjkuh rLohjsa vkSj u  tkus ,slk gh fdruk lkeku j[kk gqvk gSA nknkth ml fcYyh osQ \\u201dk[eksa dks \\\/ksdj ejge&iV~Vh djus  yxs vkSj eSa nwj ls gh nknkth osQ dk;ks\\u00b1 dks ns[krh jghA og fcYyh [kwu ls yFkiFk FkhA mls dkI + kQh  lqu;uk dh Mk;jh 7\"","\" 56 pksVsa vkbZ gqb\\u00b1 Fkha vkSj og cgqr cnlwjr Hkh yx jgh FkhA fcYyh dh bl n'kk dk dkj.k tc eSaus  tkuuk pkgk rks nknkth us crk;k fd fdlh dkj osQ uhps vkus osQ dkj.k mldh ;g nqxZfr gqbZ gSA  eq>s mlesa ls oSls gh cncw vk jgh Fkh] mQij ls \\u201dk[eksa ij yxh nokb;ksa us eq>s vkSj Hkh fopfyr  dj fn;kA eSa gYnh okyk nw\\\/ ykus osQ cgkus ls jlksbZ?kj dh rjI + kQ c<+ xbZA ogk\\u00a1 tkdj eSaus pSu dh  ,d BaMh lk\\u00a1l yhA  9 vxLr vkt eSa fcYyh dks ns[kdj cgqr ijs'kku gqbZA mlosQ 'kjhj ij txg&txg iV~fV;k\\u00a1 c\\u00a1\\\/h gqbZ FkhaA  blosQ vykok og iwjs ?kj esa b\\\/j ls m\\\/j ?kwe jgh Fkh ftls ns[k esjk eu ?kj ls nwj pys tkus dks  dj jgk FkkA nknkth fcYyh dk iwjk \\u00e8;ku j[k jgs FksA le; ij mls nw\\\/] vaMk] czsM&jksVh f[kykuk]  ejge&iV~Vh djuk vkfn vusd ckrksa dk \\u00e8;ku nknkth dks O;Lr fd, FkkA ysfdu eSa nknkth ls nwj  gks jgh gw\\u00a1 bl ckr dk mUgsa irk Hkh ugha FkkA 10 vxLr vkt eSa LowQy ls lh\\\/s ekekth osQ ?kj pyh xbZA lqcg gh eSaus eEeh dks crk fn;k Fkk fd vkt eSa  ekekth osQ ?kj tkm\\u00a1QxhA eq>s ml fcYyh dh cnlwjrh us bruk fopfyr fd;k gqvk Fkk fd lksrs&tkxrs  gj le; og esjs fopkjksa esa vkus yxhA eSa iwjs fnu ekekth osQ ?kj jghA eesjs HkkbZ&cguksa osQ lkFk  eSa ogk\\u00a1 [kwc [ksyhA eSa fcYyh dks Hkh FkksM+h nsj osQ fy, Hkwy xbZ FkhA esjs fiz; fe=k nknkth Hkh vc  mlh osQ lkFk \\u201d;knk jgus yxs FksA [kSj] vkt rks eSaus ekekth osQ ?kj [kwc e\\u201dks fd,A 11 vxLr vkt rhu fnu gks x, Fks] fcYyh vHkh Hkh gekjs ?kj esa gh gSA nknkth us I;kj ls mldk uke oSQVh  j[k fn;kA eq>s og viuh cnlwjrh osQ dkj.k ?kj esa ?kwerh gqbZ [kVd jgh FkhA og gj le; nknkth  osQ vklikl jgus yxh Fkh blfy, eSa muosQ ikl tkus esa drjk jgh FkhA nknkth us esjh bl ckr  dks Hkk\\u00a1i fy;k FkkA mUgksaus eq>s vius ikl cqyk;k vkSj eq>s cM+h nsj rd le>k;k\\u03bc\\u00b6 gesa fdlh ls  uI + kQjr ugha djuh pkfg,A pkgs og tho&tarq gks ;k euq\\\";A \\u0327 mUgksaus ckgjh lqanjrk dks oqQN le;  jgus okyk rFkk eu dh lqanjrk dks lnSo gjk&Hkjk jgus okyk crk;kA nknkth us le>krs gq, ;g Hkh  dgk fd bl lalkj esa lc oqQN Hkxoku n~okjk cuk;k x;k gSA ;fn ge ckgjh fn[kkos dks ns[ksaxs rks  vkarfjd lqanjrk dks dHkh ns[k ugha ik,\\u00a1xsA blosQ vfrfjDr mUgksaus le>k;k fd gesa dHkh fdlh tho  ls ?k`.kk ugha djuh pkfg,A lHkh ls izse djuk pkfg, pkgs og tM+ gks ;k psru] i'kq&i{kh gks ;k  isM+&ikS\\\/s ;k dksbZ Hkh balkuA bu lcosQ ckn mUgksaus eq>ls iwNk fd ;fn os chekj gks x, ;k mUgsa  fdlh nq?kZVuk esa pksV yx xbZ rks D;k eSa muls ?k`.kk d: \\u00a1 xhA nknkth dh bu ckrksa us eq>s lkspus ij  e\\u201dkcwj dj fn;kA\"","\" 57 12 vxLr vkt d{kk esa eSaus vius vklikl u\\u201dkj ?kqekdj ns[kkA nknkth dh ckrksa us jkrHkj esa eq> ij dkI + kQh  vlj Mkyk FkkA os cPps ftuls eSa mudh vlqanjrk osQ dkj.k drjkrh Fkh] muls vkt eSa cM+s I;kj  ls feyhA eq>s vius ij gSjkuh Hkh gqbZ fd eSa ,d jkr esa fdruh cny xbZ FkhA eq>s vius iqjkus  O;ogkj ij cgqr cqjk yx jgk FkkA esjh d{kk osQ lHkh cPps esjs bl cnys LoHkko ij gSjku Hkh gq,A  vkt dk iwjk fnu esjk [kqf'k;ksa ls Hkjk jgkA ?kj ij vkus osQ ckn eSaus oSQVh osQ flj vkSj xjnu ij  I;kj ls gkFk isQjk rks oSQVh us Hkh iw\\u00a1N fgykdj esjs I;kj dks Lohdkj fd;kA fiQj cM+h nsj rd ge  nksuksa [ksyrs jgsA nknkth dks esjk ;g crkZo vPNk yxkA eSaus Hkh vkt vius dks dkI + kQh cnyk gqvk  eglwl fd;kA 13 vxLr oSQVh ls esjh vc nksLrh gks xbZ gSA \\\/hjs&\\\/hjs mldh rch;r Hkh lq\\\/jus yxh gSA vkt ge nksuksa gh  nknkth osQ lkFk cxhps esa Vgyus x,A oSQVh dh xksy&xksy lqanj vk\\u00a1[ksa eq>s vPNh yxus yxh gSaA  vkt eSaus mls I;kj ls nw\\\/&jksVh f[kykbZ rks esjk eu cgqr [kq'k gqvkA nknkth us eq>s vkt baVjusV ij  i'kq&if{k;ksa ls lacaf\\\/r tkudkfj;k\\u00a1 fn[kkb\\u00b1 ftuls eq>s irk pyk fd euq\\\"; osQ thou esa ;s i'kq&i{kh  fdrus vko';d gSaA ;gh ugha cfYd vkus okyh ?kVukvksa dh tkudkfj;ksa dh lwpuk bu i'kq&if{k;ksa  osQ ek\\u00e8;e ls Hkh ge tku ldrs gSaA 14 vxLr vkt nknkth us tSls gh oSQVh dh iV~fV;k\\u00a1 [kksyha oSls gh og iwjs ?kj esa nkSM+&nkSM+dj viuh [kq'kh  fn[kkus yxhA dHkh eEeh&ikik osQ dejs esa rks dHkh esjs ikl vkSj fiQj nknkth osQ iSjksa esa yksVus  yxrhA nknkth mlosQ bl djrc ij [kwc g\\u00a1lsA mls ns[kdj lcdk \\u00e2n; xn~xn~ gks x;kA vk\\u00a1[ksa vk\\u00a1lqvksa  ls Hkj vkb\\u00b1A ;s i'kq&i{kh gels fdruk I;kj djrs gSa! fdruk viukiu yqVkrs gSa! fiQj eSaus mls xksn  esa mBkdj [kwc I;kj fd;kA lpeqp] i'kq&i{kh bZ'oj dh vueksy jpuk,\\u00a1 gSaA vc eSa ;g tku pqdh  gw\\u00a1 fd ;fn lqanjrk gekjh u\\u201dkjksa esa gks rks ;g lkjk lalkj gh lqanj yxrk gSA \\u03bcy{eh tSu u, 'kCn rkjhI + kQ   \\u03bc ifjp;] iz'kalk  fopfyr \\u03bc vfLFkj] papy] v\\\/hj gksuk rg[kkus \\u03bc \\u201dkehu osQ uhps cuk dejk  O;Lr   \\u03bc yxk gqvk yFkiFk \\u03bc Hkhxk gqvk] rj  crkZo   \\u03bc O;ogkj n'kk   \\u03bc voLFkk] gkyr  djrc   \\u03bc dkS'ky&ckthxj nqxZfr   \\u03bc nqnZ'kk] nfjnzrk  vueksy  \\u03bc ftldk eksy u gks\"","\" 58 vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills l\\u00a1ojuk         rkjhI + kQ        ?kqyrh        xi'ki        vDlj        ejge        nqxZfr fopfyr        O;Lr         uI + kQjr        ?k`.kk          nq?kZVuk        crkZo         djrc ikB dh ckr   Comprehension Skills \\u2022   uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  lqu;uk gj jks\\u201dk dgk\\u00a1 tkrh Fkh\\\\   ([k)  lqu;uk vius lkeku dks oSQlk j[krh Fkh\\\\   (x)  nknkth vius lkFk fdls ysdj vk, Fks\\\\   (?k)  nknkth ?kj dk cpk gqvk [kkuk fdls f[kykrs Fks\\\\      (\\u00c4)  fcYyh dh nqnZ'kk fdl dkj.k gqbZ\\\\       fyf[kr      (d)  lqu;uk dk LoHkko oSQlk Fkk\\\\   ([k)  'kke osQ le; nknkth D;k djrs Fks\\\\   (x)  nknkth fcYyh dks ysdj rg[kkus esa D;ksa pys x, Fks\\\\   (?k)  lqu;uk vkSj oSQVh osQ chp nksLrh oSQls gqbZ\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  nknkth us chekj fcYyh dks oSQls Bhd fd;k\\\\   ([k)  Bhd gks tkus osQ ckn oSQVh ?kj okyksa ls oSQlk O;ogkj djus yxh\\\\   (x)  nknkth us lqu;uk dks dkSu&dkSu lh ckrsa le>kb\\u00b1\\\\   (?k)  var esa lqu;uk dks iwjh nqfu;k oSQlh yxus yxh\\\\       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  lqu;uk us d{kk esa fdudks viuk fe=k cuk;k Fkk\\\\  lqanj cPpksa dks   xjhc cPpksa dks   tks lqanj ugha gSa      ([k)  nknkth taxyh fcfYy;ksa] oqQRrksa vkfn dks dkSu&lk [kkuk f[kykrs Fks\\\\  cklh [kkuk   cpk gqvk [kkuk   rk\\u201dkk [kkuk   (x)  nknkth us fcYyh dk D;k uke j[kk\\\\  oSQVh   >cjh   :lh\"","\" 59 oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-  if<+,  vkSj  lef>,A      fo'ks\\\"k.k osQ pkj Hksn gksrs gSa\\u03bc    (d)  xq.kokpd  fo'ks\\\"k.k   ([k)  ifjek.kokpd  fo'ks\\\"k.k       (x)  la[;kokpd  fo'ks\\\"k.k   (?k)  lkoZukfed  fo'ks\\\"k.k      (d)      xq.kokpd fo'ks\\\"k.k \\u03bc;s laKk ;k loZuke osQ xq.k&nks\\\"k] vkdkj] jax&:i] fn'kk] Lokn vkfn osQ ckjs esa  crkrs gSaA tSls\\u03bc[kV~Vh beyh] ehBk vke vkfnA      ([k)      ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\\\"k.k \\u03bc;s laKk ;k loZuke dh ek=kk osQ ckjs esa crkrs gSaA tSls\\u03bc,d yhVj nw\\\/] nks  fdyks ?kh vkfnA      (x)      la[;kokpd fo'ks\\\"k.k \\u03bc;s laKk ;k loZuke dh la[;k osQ ckjs esa crkrs gSaA tSls\\u03bcnl cPps] oqQN  fpfM+;k\\u00a1 vkfnA      (?k)      lkoZukfed fo'ks\\\"k.k \\u03bctks loZuke 'kCn fo'ks\\\"k.k osQ :i esa laKk 'kCn ls igys yxdj mudh fo'ks\\\"krk  crkrs gSa]  lkoZukfed fo'ks\\\"k.k  dgykrs gSaA tSls\\u03bcog yM+dh [ksy jgh gSA      uhps fn, okD;ksa esa fo'ks\\\"k.k 'kCn igpkudj muosQ Hksn fyf[k,A      (d)  og fcYyh [kwu ls yFkiFk FkhA    ([k)  eSa fcYyh dks Hkh FkksM+h nsj osQ fy, Hkwy xbZ FkhA    (x)  eq>s vius iqjkus O;ogkj ij cgqr cqjk yx jgk FkkA    (?k)  vkt rks eSaus ekekth osQ ?kj [kwc e\\u201dks fd,A    2-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa esa ^j* dh v'kqn~f\\\/;k\\u00a1 Bhd djosQ fyf[k,A       xj~eh   \\u03bc                                        nqj?kVuk                        \\u03bc                                           xnzu   \\u03bc                                        fer~j                        \\u03bc                                           vk'p;z   \\u03bc                                        nqjxfr                        \\u03bc                                           ?kZ.kk   \\u03bc                                        cjrko                        \\u03bc                                       3-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,A       cncw   \\u03bc                         pSu        \\u03bc                             nqxZfr       \\u03bc                              uI + kQjr \\u03bc                       cnlwjr        \\u03bc                             vkarfjd       \\u03bc                       4-  uhps fn, x, fojke&fpg~uksa dks igpkudj muosQ uke fyf[k,A    !  \\u03bc                 A  \\u03bc                 \\u00b6 \\u0327  \\u03bc               ]  \\u03bc                 \\\\  \\u03bc                 _  \\u03bc                 5-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ fyax crkb,A       fdrkcsa   \\u03bc                                        nw\\\/                        \\u03bc                                    \"","\" 60       cxhpk   \\u03bc                                        n'kk                        \\u03bc                                           rlohj   \\u03bc                                        'kjhj                        \\u03bc                                           lekpkj   \\u03bc                                        iV~Vh                        \\u03bc                                     oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Observation, Writing and Speaking Skills   1-  Hkkjr esa oU; thoksa osQ laj{k.k gsrq D;k dne mBk, tk jgs gSa\\\\ baVjusV osQ ek\\u00e8;e ls tkfu, vkSj ,d  vkys[k rS;kj dhft,A  (humsavet.org.in)   2-  D;k thoksa osQ izfr izse Hkko j[kuk gh ekuork gS\\\\ bl fo\\\"k; ij izfln~\\\/ fopkjdksa osQ fopkj ladfyr  dhft, vkSj mls LoSzQi cqd ij fpidkb,A   3-  ^thoksa ij n;k djks*\\u03bcbl fo\\\"k; ij vk'kqHkk\\\"k.k dk vk;kstu dhft,A   4-  ^esjh Mk;jh dk [kkl iUuk* osQ varxZr ftl ckr] lekpkj] izlax ;k O;fDr us vkiosQ eu ij Nki NksM+h  gks] mlosQ ckjs esa d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A   5-  fp=k ns[kdj vius fopkj fyf[k,A\"","\" 61   6-  vkb,] ns[ksa fd Mk;jh oSQls fy[krs gSaA Mk;jh dk izk:i       fnukad   \\u03bc                      vkt eSa lqcg fon~;ky; x;kA                                                           vkSj bl rjg vkt dk fnu chr  x;kA       le;   \\u03bc                ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  vius vkl&ikl osQ fofHkUu i'kq&if{k;ksa dks ns[kdj vkiosQ eu esa D;k fopkj vkrs gSa\\\\   2-  fdlh ls igpku cukus osQ fy, vki jax&:i vFkok xq.k esa ls fdls egRo nsrs gSa\\\\ fo'ks\\\"k fcanq % 1-  tc ^j* dk mPpkj.k Loj osQ lkFk gks rks ^j* bl izdkj fy[krs gSa\\u03bcjktk] dejkA 2-  tc ^j* dk mPpkj.k nks o.kks\\u00b1 osQ chp esa Loj jfgr gks rks bls jsiQ (   Z   ) vFkkZr~ f'kjksjs[kk osQ mQij fy[krs  gSaA tSls\\u03bcdeZ] LoxZ] vk;ZA 3-  tc ^j* ls igys Loj jfgr O;atu gks rks ^j* bl izdkj ( z) fy[kk tkrk gSA tSls\\u03bciz'u] izFkeA 4-  ^V~*] ^M~* osQ lkFk ^j* fy[kuk gks rks bls bl izdkj ( \\u00aa) fy[kk tkrk gSA tSls\\u03bcM\\u00aae] V\\u00aadA 5-  ^'k~* osQ lkFk j~ dk la;ksx gksus ij bls ^J* osQ :i esa fy[kk tkrk gSA tSls\\u03bcJfed] JeA 6-  ^l* osQ lkFk j dk la;ksx gksus ij bls ^lz* osQ :i esa fy[kk tkrk gSA tSls\\u03bclzksr] lz\\\"VkA\"","\" 62 (;g dgkuh o`ankou yky oekZ n~okjk fy[kh xbZ gSA dksbZ Hkh fnu ;k okj 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk ugha gksrsA dgkuh osQ ek\\u00e8;e  ls ys[kd crkuk pkgrk gS fd deZ'khy cudj rFkk vkyL; R;kxdj dke osQ izfr lefiZr gksus okyk O;fDr gh  liQyrk dks izkIr djrk gSA) fnlacj dk eghuk] ftl ij baXySaM osQ ml Hkkx dh ljnh tgk\\u00a1 czkmu jgrk FkkA og jgrk Fkk leqnz  fdukjs osQ ml fgLls esa tgk\\u00a1 oqQgjk] iqQgjk vkSj fgeikr u pSu ysrk Fkk vkSj u pSu ysus nsrk FkkA czkmu viuh cw<+h ek\\u00a1] iRuh vkSj nks cPpksa osQ lkFk ,d dejs dh nhokj dh rg ls yxh gqbZ  flxM+h esa dks;yk >ksad&>ksaddj vkx rki jgk FkkA lk\\u00a1> gks pqdh FkhA czkmu vaxzs\\u201dkh  tgk\\u201dkh lsuk esa ,d iuMqCch ^lcesjhu* dk uk;d jg  pqdk  FkkA  ukSdjh  dh  fparkvksa  ls  eqDr   gksdj  vc  og  isa'ku  ik  jgk  FkkA   <yrh vk;q dk Fkk] ijarq Fkk LoLFkA og ml le; vius vkSj lkfFk;ksa  osQ  oqQN  leqnzh  vuqHko  jkspd  <ax   ls  lquk  jgk  FkkA  cPps  rYyhu  FksA   mldh ek\\u00a1 >idh ys jgh FkhA iRuh  dh Hkh BaM NwV pqdh Fkh] ijarq og  x`gLFkh dh fdlh leL;k esa my>h  gqbZ FkhA ckgj ls fdlh us njok\\u201dkk  [kV[kVk;kA czkmu dh iRuh ckgj xbZ vkSj ,d  rkj ysdj vk xbZA czkmu us tYnh  ls rkj [kksydj i<+k vkSj LrC\\\/ jg  x;kA cqf<+;k Hkh tkx xbZ FkhA \\u00b6fdldk  rkj  gS\\\\  D;k  gS   blesa\\\\ \\u0327\\u03bccqf<+;k us iwNkA iRuh dh  mRlqd n`f\\\"V esa Hkh iz'u FkkA cPps  gSjku FksA dksbZ fnu v'kqHk ugh a  8\"","\" 63 czkmu us rkj i<+dj lquk;k\\u03bc\\u00b6rqe rqjar eq>ls feyus vkvks\\u03bcfoaLVu pfpZyA \\u0327 lu 1918 dh ckr gSA ml le; pfpZy vaxzs\\u201dkh tgk\\u201dkh csM+s dk iz\\\/kukekR; \\u00b6iQLVZ ykWMZ vkWiQ  ,MfejSYVh \\u0327 FkkA teZuh esa ?kksj ;qn~\\\/ gks jgk FkkA rqdhZ Hkh teZuh osQ lkFk ;qn~\\\/ esa 'kkfey FkkA vesfjdk vaxzs\\u201dkksa osQ  lkFk Fkk] ijarq Hkwe\\u00e8; lkxj esa teZuh dh iuMqfCc;ksa vkSj rqdhZ osQ ,d ^M\\u00aasMukV* Hkkjh&Hkjde I + kQkSth  tgk\\u201dkksa us tks minzo epk j[kk FkkA mlosQ dkj.k Lost ugj dk ekxZ can gks x;k FkkA u vesfjdk  oqQN dj ik jgk Fkk vkSj u baXySaMA ;qn~\\\/ us Hk;kud :i \\\/kj.k dj j[kk FkkA czkmu lekpkj&i=k  esa i<+rk jgrk FkkA pfpZy us D;ksa cqyk;k\\\\ mls vk'p;Z FkkA iRuh us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6vius gh ns'k esa dksbZ dke nsuk pkgrs gksaxs pfpZy\\u03bc'kk;n tgk\\u201dk ;k ukosa cuokus  dk dk;Z ;k mudh ns[kHkkyA \\u0327 ek\\u00a1 cksyh\\u03bc\\u00b6isa'ku ns nh gS] czkmu dks foJke ysus nsaA \\u0327 \\u00b6ns[kw\\u00a1] pfpZy us D;ksa cqyk;k\\\\ u ekywe  D;k ckr gS\\\\ tkus ij irk pysxkA \\u0327\\u03bc\\\/hes Loj esa czkmu us dgkA \\u00b6gesa dgkuh lqukvks] dgkuh vHkh v\\\/wjh gSA \\u0327\\u03bc,d cPps us vkxzg fd;kA czkmu dgkuh dgus yxkA nwljs fnu dh igyh xkM+h ls czkmu yanu osQ fy, jokuk gks x;kA tSls gh og pfpZy osQ dk;kZy;  esa igq\\u00a1pk] pfpZy us rqjar cqyk fy;kA b\\\/j czkmu us I + kQkSth lyke fd;k] m\\\/j tylsuk osQ iz\\\/ku pfpZy dh fparkeXu eq[k js[kkvksa esa  eqldku mHkj vkbZA pfpZy us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6rqdhZ dk ^M\\u00aasMukV* tgk\\u201dk Hkwe\\u00e8; lkxj esa mRikr epk jgk gSA rqe ml mRikr  dks feVk ldrs gksA blh fo'okl ij ekr`Hkwfe us rqEgkjk Lej.k fd;k gSA rS;kj gks tkvksA \\u0327 \\u00b6tks vkKkA \\u0327\\u03bcczkmu osQ eq\\u00a1g ls fudykA \\u00b6eSa tkurk Fkk fd isa'ku ys ysus ij Hkh rqe ekr`Hkwfe dh lsok ls eq\\u00a1g u eksM+ksxsA eq>s Hkjkslk FkkA  rqEgsa ,d ^lcesjhu* fn[kykrk gw\\u00a1] mlh dks ysdj rqEgsa vius lkfFk;ksa lfgr ;k=kk djuh iM+sxhA rqEgsa  bu lkfFk;ksa osQ pquko dk vf\\\/dkj jgsxkA buesa ls vf\\\/drj isa'ku izkIr ukfod gksaxsA \\u0327 czkmu us gkeh HkjhA pfpZy mls lcesjhu fn[kykus ys x;k] ftlosQ n~okjk rqdhZ osQ ml ^M\\u00aasMukV*  dks \\u00e8oal djuk Fkk] tks Hkwe\\u00e8; lkxj esa minzo osQ coaMj mBk jgk FkkA ^lcesjhu* (tyeXu ukSdk) tgk\\u201dkh dkj[kkus osQ ckM+s esa ,d rjI + kQ leqnz osQ fdukjs iM+h FkhA ;g lcesjhu tgk\\u201dkh csM+s ls fudkyh tk pqdh FkhA csdkj Fkh vkSj bldks uhyke fd;k tkuk FkkA  yksgk&yaxj] dkB&dckM+ vkSj Ng&Ng bap mQij fudyrh gqbZ f<cjh&dhysa dckM+h osQ dke dh  rks gks ldrh Fkha ijarq leqnz esa Mwcdj ehyksa jkLrk VVksyrs gq, rqdhZ osQ ^M\\u00aasMukV* osQ ikl igq\\u00a1pdj  mldk fo\\u00e8oal djuk rks bldh tUei=kh esa fy[kk ekywe ugha gksrk FkkA uhyke osQ fy, iM+h gqbZ  ukeek=k dh bl lcesjhu dks ns[kdj czkmu osQ psgjs ij gokb;k\\u00a1 mM+us yxhaA\"","\" 64 \\u00b6osQoy ;gh ,d lcesjhu gekjs ikl  gSA \\u0327\\u03bcpfpZy us dgkA \\u00b6;g rks fcYoqQy [kLrk gSA \\u0327\\u03bcczkmu  us fujk'kk ls dgkA \\u00b6czkmu osQ eq\\u00a1g ls ;g ckr! ekr`Hkwfe  D;k  dgsxh\\\\  viuh  l'kDr  larku  osQ   iqjQ\\\"kkFkZ vkSj dkS'ky dks viuh lgk;rk  osQ fy, iqdkj jgh gS ogA \\u0327 czkmu dks iqQjs: ij iqQjs: vkbZA  \\u00e8khes ijarq n`<+ Loj esa cksyk\\u03bc\\u00b6ekr`Hkwfe  dh  vkKk  dk  ikyu  d:\\u00a1 xkA  blh   ukSdk  ls  rqdhZ  ^M\\u00aasMukV*  dk  fo\\u00e8oal   fd;k tk,xkA \\u0327 pfpZy g\\\"kZeXu gks x;kA cksyk\\u03bc\\u00b6bl  ukSdk dh ftruh vkSj tSlh ejEer gks  ldrh gS] rqjar djokrk gw\\u00a1A \\u0327 czkmu ?kj pyk vk;kA cPpksa us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6nknk] dgkuh lqukvks uA \\u0327 \\u00b6gk\\u00a1&gk\\u00a1 \\u201dk:j \\u0327 vkSj czkmu cPpksa dk eu cgykus yxkA oqQN gh fnu iwoZ pfpZy dk rkj vk;k]  \\u00b613 fnlacj] 'kq\\u00d8okj osQ fnu owQp djuk gSA lkfFk;ksa dk pquko blosQ igys dj yksA \\u0327 ek\\u00a1 vkSj iRuh ?kcjk xb\\u00b1\\u03bc\\u00b6;g rks cgqr eugwl fnu gSA rsjg rkjh[k vkSj 'kq\\u00d8okj dk fnu] iwjk  vlxquA dksbZ vkSj rkjh[k j[kok yksA \\u0327  cPps dg jgs Fks\\u03bc\\u00b6nknk] rqe tk jgs gksA gesa dgkuh dkSu lquk,xk\\\\ \\u0327 czkmu tkurk Fkk fd ykSVuk 'kk;n vlaHko gSA ty&lekf\\\/ gh HkkX; esa cnk gSA cM+h eqf'dy ls  vius dks la;r djosQ bruk gh dg ik;k\\u03bc\\u00b6ekr`Hkwfe dh vkKk gSA ijekRek dk lqfeju djksA eugwl    fnu vkSj rkjh[k oqQN ugha dj ldrsA \\u0327 vkSj og mUgsa jksrk gqvk NksM+dj tYnh ls pyk x;kA rsjg  rkjh[k vkSj 'kq\\u00d8okj osQ fnu czkmu vius ianzg&lksyg lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk py iM+kA iwjs mRlkg osQ lkFk  mu lHkh us viuk jk\\\"V\\u00aah; xhr xk;k vkSj eugwfl;r dh Nki dks iksaN MkykA Hkwe\\u00e8; lkxj osQ ,d LFkku ij vaxzs\\u201dkh vkSj vesfjdh tgk\\u201dkh csM+k FkkA ogk\\u00a1 rd czkmu dh  lcesjhu fcuk fdlh ladV osQ igq\\u00a1p xbZA rqdhZ osQ njkZ ^nkfu;ky* osQ ihNsokys leqnz esa rqdhZ dk  og ^M\\u00aasMukV* minzo djus osQ ckn tk fNirk FkkA ogk\\u00a1 czkmu dks igq\\u00a1puk FkkA vius fe=k tgk\\u201dkh  csM+s ls fonk ysdj czkmu rqdhZ osQ njkZ ^nkfu;ky* dh vksj c<+kA oqQN nwj rd og leqnz osQ mQij  x;kA tc ns[kk fd ifjfLFkfr fujkin ugha gS] rc ukSdk ikuh osQ uhps dj yhA\"","\" 65 vkSj ,d fnu og njkZ ^nkfu;ky* osQ eqgkus ij igq\\u00a1p x;kA ;gk\\u00a1 leqnz de xgjk FkkA chp esa  tyeXu igkfM+;k\\u00a1 Fkha] ftudh pksfV;ksa ij ikuh iPphl&ipkl iQhV rd dh xgjkbZ dk gh FkkA mudh  xgjkbZ esa gksdj x, fd lcesjhu idM+h xbZA czkmu lko\\\/kuh osQ lkFk bu igkfM+;ksa dh ryh&ryh  pDdj dkVrk gqvk njkZ ^nkfu;ky* osQ Bhd eqgkus ij igq\\u00a1p x;kA ;gk\\u00a1 lqjaxksa osQ rkjksa dk tky iSQyk  gqvk Fkk vkSj lcesjhu osQ mQijh f<cfj;k osQ dls yksgs esa yacs&yacs dhys yxs gq, FksA ,d rkj esa  Hkh lcesjhu i\\u00a1Qlh fd lqjax iQVh vkSj lcesjhu rFkk mlesa cSBs pkydksa osQ VqdM+s&VqdM+s mM+sA lcesjhu vR;ar lko\\\/kuh osQ lkFk pykbZ tkus yxh] iwQ\\u00a1d&iwQ\\u00a1ddj dne j[kus ij Hkh ,d  dhy&lqjax osQ fdlh rkj ls tk my>hA lcesjhu ,d {k.k osQ Hkhrj tgk\\u00a1 dh rgk\\u00a1 jksd yh xbZA  lqjax dh rkj ls dhy dks lqy>kdj lcesjhu dNq, dh xfr ls \\\/hjs&\\\/hjs vkxs c<+hA ukSdk njkZ  ^nkfu;ky* osQ Hkhrj ?kqlhA njkZ ladjk gS] mlosQ ihNs leqnzA ukSdk us njkZ ikj dj fy;k vkSj leqnz  esa igq\\u00a1p xbZA czkmu vkSj mlosQ lkFkh vkuaneXu FksA czkmu us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6cl] vc ^Ms\\u00aaMukV* dk irk yxkuk gS  oqQLrqurqfu;k (dkSalVaVhuksiqy) fudV gh gSA mlh osQ canjxkg esa dgha gksxk] irk yxkvksA \\u0327 \\u00b6ekr`Hkwfe dh t;A \\u0327\\u03bcmu lHkh us mRlkg osQ lkFk t;dkj fd;kA ftl  bathfu;j  osQ  gkFk  esa  nwjchu  Fkh]  mlus  irk  yxkdj  crk;k\\u03bc\\u00b6;gk\\u00a1  ls   ehy&lok ehy dh nwjh ij gh gS\\u03bcgekjk lkSHkkX;A \\u0327 czkmu us Hkh ns[kkA rqdhZ dk og ^M\\u00aasMukV*  jkt\\\/kuh osQ canjxkg ij fLFkj FkkA >aMk ygjk  jgk FkkA mldh cM+h&cM+h rksisa xksys mxyus osQ  fy, rRij fn[kykbZ iM+ jgh FkhaA czkmu us viuh  lcesjhu dk eksjpk Bhd fd;kA VkjihMks&ty ij  pyk;k tkusokyk foLiQksVd xksyk l\\u00a1Hkkyk vkSj  vkns'k fn;k\\u03bc\\u00b6nkxks! \\u0327 lcesjhu leqnz dh lrg ij vkbZA bathfu;j  us mlosQ fljs ij VkjihMks xksyk NksM+kA Hkhrj  fctyh dk cVu nck] VkjihMks rhoz xfr ls  ml M\\u00aasMukV dh lh\\\/ esa NwVkA ;g lc FkksM+s ls  lsoaQMksa esa gh gks x;kA lcesjhu lrg ij vkbZ]  Ms\\u00aaMukV osQ nwjchu okys us mls ns[k fy;k vkSj  ij[k fy;k Fkk fd lcesjhu fdlh 'k=kq dh  gSA Ms\\u00aaMukV dh rksi us ,d  xksyk NksM+kA\"","\" 66 ijarq czkmu dh lcesjhu viuk VkjihMks NksM+dj tyeXu gks pqdh FkhA Ms\\u00aaMukV dh rksi dk okj  [kkyh x;kA m\\\/j czkmu dk VkjihMks Ms\\u00aaMukV dh Nkrh ij tk iM+kA Hk;kud foLiQksV gqvkA cM+s \\u201dkksj  ls \\\/k\\u00a1; vkSj cgqr \\\/qvk\\u00a1 rFkk vkx dh yiVsaA fiQj dbZ \\\/ekosQ gq,A oqQN feuV ckn czkmu us viuh lcesjhu esa ls nwjchu n~okjk ns[kk fd rqdhZ osQ ml M\\u00aasMukV dk  ukeksfu'kku rd ugha cpk FkkA czkmu vkSj mlosQ lkfFk;ksa us g\\\"kZeXu gksdj viuk jk\\\"V\\u00aah; xhr xk;kA lc Ms\\u00aaMukV dks u\\\"V djus osQ iz;kl esa ;fn ekjs tkrs rks oqQN fpark u Fkh] ijarq vc mu lHkh  dks vius izk.k cpkus osQ fy, ;gk\\u00a1 ls Hkkxus dh fpark gqbZA czkmu osQ lgk;d uk;d us dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6;gk\\u00a1  ls rqjar py nsuk pkfg,A \\u0327 czkmu us n`<+rk osQ lkFk izfrokn fd;k\\u03bc\\u00b6dnkfi ughaA ;gha iM+s jgksA rqdhZ dk csM+k gekjh [kkst  b\\\/j&m\\\/j lc txg djsxk] osQoy ;gk\\u00a1 ugha djsxk D;ksafd mls fo'okl gksxk fd ge cpus osQ fy,  vfoyac Hkkx fudys gksaxsA \\u0327 mlosQ lkFkh eku x,A lcesjhu ogk\\u00a1 tyeXu iM+h jghA lalkj Hkj osQ i=kksa esa lekpkj Nik fd  rqdhZ dk M\\u00aasMukV u\\\"V gks x;k gS vkSj mlosQ lkFk gh czkmu dh lcesjhu Hkh lekIr gks xbZ gSA czkmu  osQ ?kj esa oqQgjke ep x;kA iwjk ns'k czkmu vkSj mlosQ lkfFk;ksa dks Jn~\\\/katfy HksaV djus yxkA mldh ek\\u00a1 vkSj iRuh osQ vk\\u00a1lqvksa osQ mQij ckj&ckj ;g okD; rSjus yxrk Fkk\\u03bc\\u00b6rsjg rkjh[k vkSj  'kq\\u00d8okj dk fnu\\u03bccgqr eugwl gSa ;sA \\u0327 dbZ ?kaVs ogha iM+s jgus osQ mijkar czkmu us viuh lcesjhu lko\\\/kuh osQ lkFk \\\/hjs&\\\/hjs f[kldkbZA vkSj ,d fnu og vius lkfFk;ksa lesr Hkwe\\u00e8; lkxj fLFkr vaxzs\\u201dkh&vesfjdh csM+s osQ lkeus leqnz  ry osQ mQij cycykrh lcesjhu fy, tk igq\\u00a1pkA g\\\"kZ osQ vusd ?kks\\\"kksa n~okjk mu lcdk Lokxr  fd;k x;kA  baXySaM igq\\u00a1pus ij czkmu dks ^foDVksfj;k \\u00d8kWl* HksaV fd;k x;kA ?kj igq\\u00a1pk rks lkjs dk lkjk okrkoj.k vkuan ls fdyfdykrk ik;k\\u03bc\\u00b6vc lqukmQ\\u00a1xk rqEgsa dgkuhA \\u0327  czkmu us cPpksa dks ckj&ckj \\u00e2n; ls yxkdj vk'oklu fn;kA mldh ek\\u00a1 cksyh\\u03bc\\u00b6bUgsa ;g le>kuk fd rsjg rkjh[k vkSj 'kq\\u00d8okj dk fnu ;k ijekRek dk jpk  dksbZ Hkh fnu ijk\\u00d8eh osQ fy, eugwl ugha gksrkA \\u0327 \\u03bco`ankou yky oekZ ys[kd ifjp; %  Jh o`ankou yky oekZ dk tUe 9 tuojh] 1889 bZ- esa >k\\u00a1lh (mRrj izns'k) esa gqvk FkkA o`ankou  yky oekZ ,sfrgkfld dgkuhdkj ,oa ys[kd osQ :i esa izfln~\\\/ gSaA budh izfln~\\\/ jpuk,\\u00a1 gSa\\u03bcfojkV dh in~feuh]  e`xu;uh] jk[kh dh ykt] vej csy (miU;kl)_ gale;wj] ck\\u00a1l dh iQk\\u00a1l] ihys gkFk (ukVd)_ [kqtjkgks dh nks  ewfrZ;k\\u00a1] tgk\\u00a1xhj dh lud] j{kk] 'kj.kkxr vkfn (dgkfu;k\\u00a1)A bUgsa ine Hkw\\\"k.k] lkfgR; okpLifr] lksfo;r ySaM  usg: iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur Hkh fd;k x;kA budh e`R;q 23 iQjojh] 1969 esa gqbZA\"","\" 67 u, 'kCn fgeikr \\u03bc vksys fxjuk] ikys dk iM+uk  la;r    \\u03bc tdM+k gqvk] fu;af=kr] 'kkar jguk flxM+h  \\u03bc v\\u00a1xhBh   fujkin   \\u03bc lqjf{kr rYyhu \\u03bc eXu  iz;kl    \\u03bc dksf'k'k] iz;Ru LrC\\\/  \\u03bc fLFkj] laKkghu  izfrokn   \\u03bc fojks\\\/ mRikr  \\u03bc v'kkafr  vfoyac  \\u03bc rqjar] >ViV minzo  \\u03bc mQ\\\/e] mRikr  oqQgjke   \\u03bc HkxnM+] gypy fo\\u00e8oal  \\u03bc fouk'k] cckZnh  vk'oklu \\u03bc fnyklk nsuk eqgkojk psgjs ij gokb;k\\u00a1 mM+uk \\u03bc cqjh rjg ?kcjk tkuk vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills baXySaM         flxM+h         fo\\u00e8oal         LrC\\\/          iz\\\/kukekR;         fparkeXu mRikr         Lej.k          iqjQ\\\"kkFkZ         g\\\"kZeXu         f<cfj;k           vk'oklu ikB dh ckr   Comprehension Skills \\u2022   uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  czkmu baXySaM osQ dkSu ls Hkkx esa jgrk Fkk\\\\   ([k)  czkmu osQ ikl fdldk rkj vk;k\\\\   (x)  dkSu&dkSu ls ns'k ;qn~\\\/ esa 'kkfey gq,\\\\   (?k)  leqnz esa dkSu mRikr epk jgk Fkk\\\\      (\\u00c4)  czkmu dks oSQlh lcesjhu nh xbZ\\\\       fyf[kr      (d)  rkj n~okjk D;k lwpuk nh xbZ Fkh\\\\   ([k)  czkmu dks fdl fnu ;qn~\\\/ osQ fy, owQp djuk Fkk\\\\   (x)  fo'o osQ lekpkj&i=kksa esa D;k [kcj Nih\\\\   (?k)  ^Ms\\u00aaMukV* minzo djus osQ ckn dgk\\u00a1 fNi tkrk Fkk\\\\      (\\u00c4)  foaLVu pfpZy fdl in ij vklhu Fkk\\\\\"","\" 68      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  lcesjhu us fdl izdkj M\\u00aasMukV dks u\\\"V fd;k\\\\ vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A   ([k)  czkmu us lkfFk;ksa ls ogha #osQ jgus dks D;ksa dgk\\\\   (x)  czkmu dk ifjokj D;ksa nq[kh Fkk\\\\       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  czkmu dk ifjokj fdlls xjekbZ ys jgk Fkk\\\\  ydM+h   v\\u00a1xhBh   flxM+h      ([k)  dkSu&lh frfFk v'kqHk crkbZ xbZ\\\\  13] 'kq\\u00d8okj   12] ohjokj   14] 'kfuokj   (x)  czkmu dh lcesjhu fdl njsZ rd igq\\u00a1ph\\\\  Hkwe\\u00e8; lkxj   rqdhZ   nkfu;ky oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-   f\\u00d8;k 'kCn fdlh dk;Z osQ djus ;k gksus dk cks\\\/ djkrs gSaA ewyr% deZ osQ vk\\\/kj ij f\\u00d8;k osQ nks Hksn  gSa\\u03bcldeZd vkSj vdeZd f\\u00d8;kA lajpuk osQ vk\\\/kj ij f\\u00d8;k dks ik\\u00a1p Hkkxksa esa ck\\u00a1Vk x;k gS\\u03bc \\u2022   la;qDr f\\u00d8;k \\u03bcnks \\\/krqvksa osQ esy ls cuh f\\u00d8;k,\\u00a1]  la;qDr f\\u00d8;k  dgykrh gSaA tSls\\u03bc;qn~\\\/ us Hk;kud :i  \\\/kj.k dj j[kk FkkA \\u2022   lkekU; f\\u00d8;k \\u03bcftl okD; esa ,d f\\u00d8;k in gks] mls  lkekU; f\\u00d8;k  dgrs gSaA tSls\\u03bcosQoy ;gh ,d  lcesjhu gekjs ikl gSA \\u2022   uke\\\/krq f\\u00d8;k \\u03bcftu f\\u00d8;kvksa osQ ewy esa dksbZ \\\/krq u gksdj laKk] loZuke ;k fo'ks\\\"k.k gksrk gS] mls  uke\\u00e8kkrq fozQ;k  dgrs gSaA tSls\\u03bcgkFk&gfFk;kuk] eqldku&eqldjkuk] xje&xjekuk vkfnA \\u2022   izsj.kkFkZd f\\u00d8;k \\u03bcftl f\\u00d8;k esa drkZ Lo;a dk;Z u djosQ fdlh nwljs dks dk;Z djus osQ fy, izsfjr djrk  gS] mls  izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k  dgrs gSaA tSls\\u03bcv\\u00e8;kfidk Nk=kk ls ikB i<+okrh gSA    \\u2022   iwoZdkfyd f\\u00d8;k \\u03bctc eq[; f\\u00d8;k ls iwoZ dksbZ f\\u00d8;k ?kfVr gks] mls  iwoZdkfyd f\\u00d8;k  dgrs gSaA tSls\\u03bcek\\u00a1  [kkuk cukdj ck\\u201dkkj xbZA      (d)  uhps fn, okD;ksa esa f\\u00d8;k Hksn igpkfu, vkSj fyf[k,A  ( i )  mldh ek\\u00a1 >idh ys jgh FkhA   ( ii )  iRuh dh mRlqd n`f\\\"V esa Hkh iz'u FkkA   ( iii )  ;qn~\\\/ us Hk;kud :i \\\/kj.k dj j[kk FkkA   ( iv )  pfpZy us czkmu ls lcesjhu pyokbZA   ( v )  czkmu cPpksa dks jksrk gqvk NksM+dj tYnh ls pyk x;kA   ( vi )  ijekRek dk jpk dksbZ Hkh fnu ijk\\u00d8eh osQ fy, eugwl ugha gksrkA \"","\" 69      ([k)  uhps fn, 'kCnksa dks uke\\\/krq f\\u00d8;k 'kCn esa cnfy,A                   fiQYe         \\u03bc                              'keZ       \\u03bc                             ykt        \\u03bc                                        ckr         \\u03bc                              gkFk       \\u03bc                             xje        \\u03bc                        2-  uhps fn, vusdkFkhZ 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fy[kdj okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,A   (d)  rkj                                                                                                                                              ([k)  Hkkx                                                                                                                                              (x)  ikuh                                                                                                                                              (?k)  cl                                                                                                                                              3-  uhps fn, okD;ksa dks cgqopu esa cnydj fyf[k,A      (d)  og i<+us esa rs\\u201dk gSA                                                   ([k)  jk\\\/k us lqanj dfork i<+hA                                                (x)  xk;d us vPNk xhr xk;kA                                                (?k)  eSa rqEgkjh Hkkouk le> x;kA                                                   (\\u00c4)  HkS;k us eq>s e\\u201dksnkj dgkuh lqukbZA                                                   (p)  fcYyh dh vk\\u00a1[k jkr esa pedrh gSA                                                4-  fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ mfpr 'kCn n~okjk dhft,A      (d)  mldk \\u00e2n; otz osQ leku                gSA  (dBksj] dksey] ljy)   ([k)  vktdy osQ usrk fxjfxV dh rjg                cnyrs gSaA  (tcku] jax] ckr)   (x)  gesa jktk gfj'panz tSlk                cuuk pkfg,A  (\\\/S;Zoku] lR;oknh] ohj)   (?k)  gekjs ns'k osQ lSfud f'kokth tSls                gSaA  (\\\/hj] ohj] xaHkhj)   (\\u00c4)  ehjk dh ok.kh esa 'kgn&lh                gSA  (dkseyrk] rjyrk] feBkl)   (p)  ek\\u00a1 dk \\u00e2n; ekse dh rjg                gksrk gSA  (e`nqy] ljy] dksey)   (N)  rqEgkjs gkFk cI + kZQ osQ leku                gSaA  (dBksj] Bksl] BaMs)      (t)      rkulsu     tSlk                    cuus osQ fy, dBksj lk\\\/uk djuh iM+rh gSA    (xohZyk] yphyk] lqjhyk)\"","\" 70   5-  bu izR;;ksa dh lgk;rk ls 'kCn cukb,A       bZ   \\u03bc                                           vk                           \\u03bc                                              bZ;   \\u03bc                                           vkbZ                           \\u03bc                                              rk   \\u03bc                                           oku                           \\u03bc                                          6-  uhps fn, ewy 'kCn ls vU; u, 'kCn cuk,\\u00a1A       ty   \\u03bc                                                       n`<+   \\u03bc                                                       \\u00e2n;   \\u03bc                                                       xgjk   \\u03bc                                                       ?kcjk   \\u03bc                                                   7-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ foykse fyf[k,A       pSu    \\u03bc                                        xgjk                        \\u03bc                                           x`gLFkh   \\u03bc                                        fLFkj                        \\u03bc                                           rhoz   \\u03bc                                        fo\\u00e8oal                        \\u03bc                                     oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Information Gathering and Speaking Skills   1-  va\\\/fo'okl osQ vfrfjDr gekjs lekt esa vkSj dkSu&dkSu lh cqjkb;k\\u00a1 O;kIr gSa\\\\ muosQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr  djosQ fon~;ky; if=kdk osQ fy, ,d ys[k fyf[k,A   2-  lSfud viuh ekr`Hkwfe dh j{kk djus osQ fy, vius izk.kksa dh vkgqfr yxk nsrs gSaA ,sls ohj lsukfu;ksa ij  fy[kh dfork,\\u00a1 baVjusV osQ ek\\u00e8;e ls ,df=kr dj pkVZ ij yxkb,A   3-  ^dksbZ Hkh fnu ;k rkjh[k 'kqHk ;k v'kqHk ugha gksrsA*\\u03bcbl fo\\\"k; ij d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A   4-  czkmu vkSj mlosQ lkfFk;ksa n~okjk ^Ms\\u00aaMukV* u\\\"V djus rFkk muosQ cp fudyus dh lwpuk nsrs gq, lekpkj&i=k  osQ fy, ,d fjiksVZ rS;kj dhft,A   5-  va\\\/fo'okl ls lacaf\\\/r dgkfu;k\\u00a1 fofHkUu i=k&if=kdkvksa ls <w\\u00a1<+dj if<+,A ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  D;k dksbZ fnu ;k rkjh[k 'kqHk&v'kqHk gksrs gSa\\\\ vius fopkj izLrqr dhft,A   2-  vkiosQ fopkj ls va\\\/fo'okl tSlh cqjkbZ dks lekt ls oSQls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gS\\\\ \\u00b6tks tSlk 'kqHk o v'kqHk dk;Z djrk gS] oks oSlk gh iQy Hkksxrk gSA \\u0327  \\u03bcosnO;kl    tyh;            tyeXu            ty;ku\"","\" 71 lqfu, vkSj crkb,A   Listening Skills vk\\u201dkknh dk iy   1-  \\u00e8;ku ls lqudj lgh mRrj pqfu,A      (d)  vHkh&vHkh vkius fdldk Hkk\\\"k.k lquk\\\\  xka\\\/h th   ia- usg:   bafnjk th      ([k)  ;g Hkk\\\"k.k fdl volj ij fn;k x;k Fkk\\\\  Lora=krk ls iwoZ   Lora=krk osQ i'pkr~    Lora=k gksus osQ miy{; esa   (x)  fdldh lsok dks izeq[k y{; ekuk x;k\\\\  ekuork dh   nsork dh   lekt dh   (?k)  la?k\\\"kks\\u00b1 osQ nkSjku Hkkjr us fdls ugha [kks;k\\\\  vfLrRo dks   vkn'kks\\u00b1 dks   viuRo dks      (\\u00c4)  Hkkjr fdl fnu vk\\u201dkkn gqvk\\\\  26 tuojh   15 vxLr   2 vDVwcj   2-  fuEufyf[kr rkfydk esa fn, x, okD;ksa dk mfpr feyku dhft,A      (d)  bl e\\u00e8;jkf=k  ,d LoPNan vk\\u201dkknh  dh lsok djsaxsA   ([k)  Hkkjr bl oDr  vkSj Hkkjr osQ yksxksa  lks jgk gSA   (x)  vc ge Hkkjr  gekjk izeq[k  rks dbZ ckj gkjsA   (?k)  la?k\\\"kZ osQ nkSjku  esa tc iwjk fo'o  dks eglwl dj jgk gSA      (\\u00c4)  ekuork dh lsok  ge dbZ ckj thrs  y{; gSA    3-  \\u00e8;ku ls lqfu, vkSj mRrj nhft,A      (d)  gekjk ns'k Hkkjr 15               ] 1947 osQ fnu vaxzs\\u201dkksa ls lnk osQ fy, vk\\u201dkkn gqvkA  tuojh   vxLr      ([k)  14 vxLr dh jkr dks                us viuk lans'k iwjs ns'k vkSj nqfu;k osQ lkeus j[kkA  tokgjyky usg:   egkRek xka\\\/h   (x)  ;g Hkk\\\"k.k ml le; dk gS tc Hkkjr us igys&igy                dk lq[k mBk;k FkkA  ijra=krk   vk\\u201dkknh   (?k)  ;g oDr ,d&nwljs dh                djus dk ugha gSA     iz'kalk   fuank\"","\" (izLrqr dfork esa vYgM+] eLrh] Lora=kfiz; O;fDr dh I + kQDdM+rk dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS tks ?kj&lalkj vkSj viuk&ijk;k  Hkwydj vkxs c<+rk tkrk gSA og bl nqfu;k dks viuk fuLLokFkZ I;kj nsrk gS vkSj tx ls mlh izdkj osQ fuLLokFkZ  izse dks ikus dh mEehn Hkh djrk gS ysfdu ek;k&eksg esa fyIr ;g lalkj vius esa gh eXu gSA) ge nhokuksa dh D;k gLrh]  vkt ;gk\\u00a1 dy ogk\\u00a1 pysA eLrh dk vkye lkFk pyk]  ge \\\/wy mM+krs tgk\\u00a1 pysAA vk, cudj mYykl dHkh]  vk\\u00a1lw cudj cg pys vHkhA lc dgrs gh jg x,]  vjs rqe oSQls vk,] dgk\\u00a1 pysAA fdl vksj pys\\\\ er ;s iwNks]  cl pyuk gS blfy, pysA tx ls mldk oqQN fy, pys]  tx dks viuk oqQN fn, pysAA ge nhokuksa dh D;k gLrh 9 72\"","\" nks ckr dgh] nks ckr lquh]  oqQN g\\u00a1ls vkSj fiQj oqQN jks,A Nddj lq[k&nq[k osQ ?kw\\u00a1Vksa dks]  ge ,d Hkko ls fi, pysAA ge fHk[keaxksa dh nqfu;k esa]  LoPNan yqVkdj I;kj pysA ge ,d fu'kkuh&lh mj ij]  ys vliQyrk dk Hkkj pysAA ge eku jfgr] vieku jfgr]  th Hkjdj [kqydj [ksy pqosQA ge g\\u00a1lrs&g\\u00a1lrs vkt ;gk\\u00a1] izk.kksa dh ckth gkj pysAA vc viuk vkSj ijk;k D;k]  vkckn jgsa jQdus okysA ge Lo;a c\\u00a1\\\/s Fks vkSj Lo;a] ge vius ca\\\/u rksM+ pysAA \\u03bcHkxorhpj.k oekZ 73\"","\" 74 dfo ifjp; %  Hkxorhpj.k oekZ dk tUe 30 vxLr] 1903 esa mUuko] mRrj izns'k esa gqvk FkkA bUgksaus ys[ku rFkk  i=kdkfjrk nksuksa gh {ks=kksa esa izeq[k :i ls dk;Z fd;kA bUgksaus ewyr% fdlh u fdlh lkekftd leL;k dks viuh  \\u00d1fr;ksa dk fo\\\"k; cuk;k gSA mudh izfln~\\\/ \\u00d1fr;k\\u00a1 gSa\\u03bc^fp=kys[kk*] ^Hkwys&fcljs fp=k*] ^iru*] ^Vs<+s&es<+s jkLrs*  vkfnA bUgsa in~e Hkw\\\"k.k vkSj lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj ls lEekfur Hkh fd;k x;kA budh e`R;q 5 vDVwcj] 1981  esa gqbZA u, 'kCn gLrh   \\u03bc vfLrRo] O;fDrRo  fu'kkuh   \\u03bc fpg~u vkye  \\u03bc lalkj] tulewg  mj  \\u03bc \\u00e2n; mYykl \\u03bc [kq'kh] g\\\"kZ] meax  Hkkj  \\u03bc cks> tx    \\u03bc lalkj] txr  eku jfgr \\u03bc lEeku osQ fcuk LoPNan \\u03bc fcuk fdlh fopkj ;k ladksp osQ  vkckn    \\u03bc clk gqvk] laiUu vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills gLrh         vkye         mYykl         ?kw\\u00a1Vksa          fu'kkuh         izk.kksa         ca\\\/u Nddj       jks,         I;kj         LoPNan       ckth        vieku       Lo;a dfork dh ckr   Comprehension Skills   1-  uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  dfork esa fdldh ^gLrh* dh ckr dgh xbZ gS\\\\   ([k)  nhokus D;k mM+krs gq, pyrs gSa\\\\   (x)  nhokuk g\\u00a1lrs&g\\u00a1lrs D;k gkj dj tkrk gS\\\\   (?k)  nhokuk fdl ca\\\/u dks rksM+us dh ckr dgrk gS\\\\       fyf[kr      (d)  dfo osQ vuqlkj nhokus tx dks viuk D;k nsrs gSa\\\\   ([k)  dfork esa ^,d Hkko* ls D;k ihus dh ckr dgh xbZ gS\\\\   (x)  nhokuk nks ckr dkSu&lh dgrk vkSj lqurk gS\\\\   (?k)  ^eku jfgr* ls dfo dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  bl dfork esa dfo us D;k yqVkus osQ fy, dgk gS\\\\\"","\" 75      ([k)  dfork osQ vuqlkj nhokuksa dh D;k fo'ks\\\"krk,\\u00a1 gSa\\\\   (x)  ^fHk[keaxksa dh nqfu;k* ls dfo dk D;k vfHkizk; gS\\\\   (?k)  bu iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li\\\"V dhft,A  ( i )  ge Lo;a ca\\\/s Fks vkSj Lo;a]     ge vius ca\\\/u rksM+ pysA  ( ii )  tx ls mldk oqQN fy, pys]     tx dks viuk oqQN fn, pysA       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  ^ge nhokuksa dh D;k gLrh* osQ jpf;rk dkSu gSa\\\\  Hkxorh'kj.k oekZ   Hkxorhpj.k oekZ   Hkxor'kj.k mik\\u00e8;k;      ([k)  nhokuk fdldk ^Hkkj* ysdj okil tkrk gS\\\\  liQyrk   eLrh   vliQyrk   (x)  nhokuk #dus okyksa osQ fy, D;k dgrk gS\\\\  vkckn jgsa   cjckn jgs   [kq'k jgsa   2-  ifBr in~;ka'k dks i<+dj iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A vk, cudj mYykl dHkh]  vk\\u00a1lw cudj cg pys vHkhA lc dgrs gh jg x,]  vjs rqe oSQls vk,] dgk\\u00a1 pysAA      (d)  ^mYykl* cudj dkSu vkrk gS\\\\      ([k)  lc D;k dgrs jg tkrs gSa\\\\   (x)  n~foRo O;atu ls cuk ,d 'kCn fyf[k,A oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-   'kCnksa dk lkFkZd vkSj \\u00d8ecn~\\\/ lewg okD; dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA okD; osQ izeq[k :i ls nks vax gSa\\u03bc \\u2022   mn~ns'; \\u03bcokD; esa ftlosQ ckjs esa oqQN dgk tk,] mls okD; dk  mn~ns';  dgrs gSaA tSls\\u03bcJh\\u00d1\\\".k us calh  ctkbZA ;gk\\u00a1 ^Jh\\u00d1\\\".k* okD; dk mn~ns'; gSA eq[;r% drkZ gh okD; dk mn~ns'; gksrk gSA\"","\" 76    \\u2022   fo\\\/s; \\u03bcokD; esa mn~ns'; osQ ckjs esa tks oqQN dgk tkrk gS] og  fo\\\/s;  dgykrk gSA tSls\\u03bcmQij osQ okD;  esa ^calh ctkbZ* fo\\\/s; gS tks Jh\\u00d1\\\".k (mn~ns';) osQ ckjs esa crk jgk gSA      uhps fn, okD;ksa esa mn~ns'; vkSj fo\\\/s; Nk\\u00a1Vdj fyf[k,A             okD;                         mn~ns';                         fo\\\/s;      (d)  Hkkjr dh lH;rk izkphure gSA                                                     ([k)  fnYyh Hkkjr dh jkt\\\/kuh gSA                                                  (x)  eSa dy cqvk osQ ?kj tkm\\u00a1QxkA                                                  (?k)  izoh.k dh [ksyksa esa jQfp gSA                                                     (\\u00c4)  pk.kD; cM+k cqn~f\\\/eku FkkA                                                     (p)  chjcy dh prqjkbZ fo'o fofnr gSA                                                     (N)  lqfer iqQVckWy [ksy jgk gSA                                                  2-  dfork esa vk, rhu&rhu vuqukfld (   \\u00a1   ) vkSj vuqLokj (   a   ) okys 'kCn Nk\\u00a1Vdj fyf[k,A    \\u00a1  \\u03bc                                                  a  \\u03bc                                                 3-  ^,\\u00a1* vkSj ^vksa* yxkdj opu cnfy,A       ?kw\\u00a1V   \\u03bc                         [ksy        \\u03bc                              nhokuk        \\u03bc                            izk.k   \\u03bc                         g\\u00a1l        \\u03bc                              jks        \\u03bc                        4-  uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa ls cuh Hkkookpd laKkvksa osQ lgh fodYi ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A       cukuk   \\u03bc     cukoV   cukbZ   curk       dkyk   \\u03bc     dky   dkyh   dkfyek       balku   \\u03bc     balkfu;r   balkuh   balku       f'k'kq   \\u03bc     f'k'kqRo   'kS'ko   f'k'kqiu   5-  mfpr leJqfr fHkUukFkZd 'kCn n~okjk okD; dh iwfrZ dhft,A      (d)     d{kk     osQ                    nl Nk=k unh osQ                ij fidfud eukus osQ fy, x,A                                                                 (owQy]                                                                 oqQy)      ([k)     gesa     lcdks                    le>uk pkfg, rFkk lcdk                djuk pkfg,A                                                               (leku]                                                               lEeku)      (x)                    'kCnksa dk                okD; esa iz;ksx djksA  (mi;qDr] mi;qZDr)      (?k)      vf\\\/d                    esa Hkkstu djus dk gh                gS fd rqe vko';drk ls vf\\\/d  eksVs gks jgs gksA  (ifj.kke] ifjek.k)      (\\u00c4)  olar \\u00bdrq esa iz\\u00d1fr dh                ns[kus osQ fy, ?kj ls                rks fudyuk gh  iMs+xkA                                                           (ckgj]                                                            cgkj)\"","\" 77 oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Creative, Writing and Speaking Skills   1-  bl dfork dk lLoj okpu dhft,A   2-  ge lc leku gSa\\u03bcbl fo\\\"k; ij vius fopkj izdV djrs gq, NksVs HkkbZ dks i=k fyf[k,A   3-  vk'kkoku O;fDr dks lc oqQN izkIr gks ldrk gS] oSQls\\\\ bl ij ,d jsfM;ks vkys[k rS;kj dhft,A   4-  ohj lsukfu;ksa us ekr`Hkwfe dh vk\\u201dkknh osQ fy, viuk lc oqQN nk\\u00a1o ij yxk fn;k FkkA ,sls ohj lsukfu;ksa  osQ fp=k ,d=k dj ,d dksykt cukb,A ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  bl dfork dks i<+dj vkiosQ eu esa oSQls fopkj mRiUu gq,\\\\   2-  vkiosQ vuqlkj thou esa LoPNanrk fdruh vko';d gS\\\\   3-  ;fn vkidks dHkh nhokuksa ls laokn dk volj feys rks D;k&D;k ckr djuk pkgsaxs\\\\ vifBr xn~;ka'k \\u2022   xn~;ka'k i<+dj iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       izkphudky ls gh Hkkjr dh ikou&iquhr Hkwfe HkfDr vkSj izse ls jph&clh Hkwfe jgh gS tgk\\u00a1 vusdkusd  nsoh&nsorkvksa] \\u00bdf\\\"k&eqfu;ksa us tUe fy;k gSA fofHkUu laL\\u00d1fr;ksa] fopkjksa] Hkk\\\"kkvksa o os'kHkw\\\"kkvksa ls ;qDr  Hkkjr ,drk osQ jax esa jaxk gSA \\u00d1\\\".k dh ^xhrk* us deZ dk egRo nqfu;k dks le>k;k rks foosdkuan us  Hkkjrh; laL\\u00d1fr dh igpku iwjs fo'o ls djkbZA xkSre cqn~\\\/] egkohj] dchj] jghe] ehjkckbZ tSlh egku  foHkwfr;ksa dk ;g ns'k fo'o esa loksZRre vkSj vuwBk ns'k gSA jkuh y{ehckbZ] Hkxrflag] lq[knso] lqHkk\\\"kpanz  cksl tSls ohj lsukfu;ksa us bl ns'k dks vk\\u201dkkn djkus osQ fy, g\\u00a1lrs&g\\u00a1lrs vius izk.kksa dh vkgqfr ns nhA  xka\\\/hth us lR;] vfgalk dk ekxZ fn[kkdj Hkkjr dks gh ugha iwjs fo'o dks ubZ n`f\\\"V iznku dhA   (d)  Hkkjr dh Hkwfe fdlls jph clh gS\\\\      ([k)  Hkkjrh; laL\\u00d1fr dh igpku fdlus djkbZ\\\\   (x)  xka\\\/hth us iwjs fo'o dks ubZ n`f\\\"V oSQls iznku dh\\\\   (?k)  bl xn~;ka'k dk 'kh\\\"kZd crkb,A fo'ks\\\"k fcanq %  vk'k; dk vFkZ gS\\u03bcvfHkizk;] rkRi;Z vFkok vFkZA ys[kd osQ fopkj dks le>dj fy[kukA HkkokFkZ  dk vFkZ gS\\u03bcla{ksi esa fy[kuk ;k lkjka'k fy[kukA blesa xn~;ka'k vFkok in~;ka'k dk osQoy lkj ;k ewy rRo gh  fy[kk tkrk gSA\"","\" 78 (bl ikB esa dysaMj cukus okys ,d dykdkj dh foo'krk dks fn[kk;k x;k gS tks lekt osQ cnyrs okrkoj.k osQ  dkj.k jktusrkvksa] egkiqjQ\\\"kksa o nsoh&nsorkvksa osQ fp=kksa dks u cukdj O;kolkf;d ykHk nsus okys uk;d&ukf;dkvksa  dh rLohjsa cukus osQ fy, e\\u201dkcwj gks tkrk gSA) ml fnu 'kekZ th osQ ikl muosQ ,d fe=k cSBs gq,  Fks\\u03bc<yrh mez foaQrq LoLFk 'kjhjA os dysaMj cukrs  gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh vPNk dek Hkh ysrs gSaA mUgsa  ns[kdj bl LraHkdkj dks vius cpiu dh ;kn  vkrh gS] tc ?kj esa u;k dysaMj vkus dk vFkZ  ,d ubZ LiwQfrZ ls Hkj tkuk gksrk FkkA gj dejs  esa  ,dk\\\/  dysaMj  \\u201dk:j  gksrk  FkkA  dHkh&dHkh   rks nhokj Hkjh gksrh FkhA dysaMj dk ykuk vkSj  yxkuk e\\u00e8;oxhZ; 'kkSd FkkA ;g \\u201dk:jh ugha Fkk  fd dysaMj rkjh[kokys gksa] vf\\\/drj rkjh[kokys  ugha gksrs FksA ;s dysaMj nhokyh osQ ekSosQ ij  vkrs Fks vkSj ltkoV dk lk\\\/u curs FksA vc  budk pyu [kRe gksrk tk jgk gSA rkjh[kokys O;olk;h  dysaMj gh vc fn[krs gSa] os Hkh ?kj dh nhokjksa ij ,dk\\\/ ghA mu fnuksa jktuSfrd usrkvksa osQ dysaMjksa]  nsoh&nsorkvksa osQ dysaMjksa] \\\/kfeZd iqjQ\\\"kksa osQ dysaMjksa dh ck<+ jgrh FkhA \\u00b6vc jktuSfrd usrkvksa osQ dysaMj ns[kus dks ugha feyrsA D;k mudk cuuk can gks x;k gS\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6gk\\u00a1] vc ugha pyrs \\u0327\\u03bcdysaMj dykdkj us mRrj fn;kA bl LraHkdkj dks os fnu ;kn vk,\\u03bcvk\\u201dkknh osQ igys Lok\\\/hurk laxzke osQ fnu] tc ns'k osQ  usrkvksa osQ dysaMj ck\\u201dkkjksa vkSj ?kjksa esa Hkjs gksrs FksA xka\\\/h] fryd] usg:] iVsy] lqHkk\\\"k] jktsanz ckcw]  ekSykuk vk\\u201dkkn ls ysdj Hkxrflag] panz'ks[kj vk\\u201dkkn vkfn 'kk;n gh dksbZ usrk ,slk gks ftldk  dysaMj ck\\u201dkkj esa u feyrk gksA lp rks ;g gS fd lkjs lekt esa ns'kHkfDr dh ygj txkus esa bu  jk\\\"V\\u00aah; usrkvksa osQ dysaMjksa dk cM+k gkFk Fkk] tks ?kj&?kj esa igq\\u00a1ps gq, FksA ge cPps ?kj dh nhokjksa  ij mUgsa V\\u00a1xs ns[k muosQ ckjs esa iwNrs Fks] bl rjg Lok\\\/hurk laxzke osQ bfrgkl ls [kqn dks tqM+k  eglwl djrs Fks vkSj ns'k dh vk\\u201dkknh osQ fy, cM+s gksdj yM+us osQ LoIu ns[kk djrs FksA dysaMj dykdkj 10\"","\" 79 \\u00b6vc usrkvksa osQ dysaMj D;ksa ugha pyrs\\\\ \\u0327\\u03bcLraHkdkj us iwNkA blosQ igys fd dysaMj dykdkj oqQN dgs] 'kekZ th cksy mBs\\u03bc \\u00b6gS dksbZ usrk ,slk ftldk dysaMj vki yxk ldrs gSa\\\\ vc fdlh usrk dk dysaMj yxkus] cukus  ;k cspus dk eryc ml ikVhZ dk gksuk gS vkSj ikVhZ osQ gksus dk eryc ml ikVhZ dh xanxh dks  <ksuk gSA ,d Hkh usrk vkt ,slk ugha gS tks ns'k dk usrk gksA lc ikVhZ osQ usrk gSaA vk\\u201dkknh iwoZ osQ  jk\\\"V\\u00aah; usrkvksa tSlk O;fDrRo vkt fdlh dk ugha gSA vkt gj usrk dh dgkuh R;kx] riL;k vkSj  cfynku dh dgkuh ugha gS cfYd Ny] I + kQjsc vkSj tksM+&rksM+ dh dgkuh gSA muosQ ckjs esa vki  vius cPpksa dks D;k crk ldrs gSa vkSj D;k cuus dks mdlk ldrs gSaA \\u0327 bl LraHkdkj dks cpiu dk ns[kk ,d dysaMj ;kn vk;k ftlesa xka\\\/h vkSj \\u00d1\\\".k dk lkFk&lkFk  fp=k Fkk vkSj muosQ fp=kksa osQ uhps dfork esa fojQnkoyh fy[kdj nksuksa esa lkE; fn[kk;k x;k Fkk]  tSls\\u03bc\\u00b6og ek[ku pksj dgkrs Fks] ;g ued pksj dgykrs gSaA \\u0327 \\u00b6D;k blhfy, usrkvksa osQ dysaMj ugha curs\\\\ \\u0327\\u03bcLraHkdkj us dysaMj dykdkj ls iwNkA \\u00b6ekywe ugha ij vc mudh ek\\u00a1x ugha gSA geus Hkh usrkvksa osQ cgqr dysaMj cuk, Fks ij vc  dksbZ cukus dks dgrk ughaA dksbZ ikVhZ dgrh gS] rks mlosQ fglkc ls cuk nsrs gSaA oSls ck\\u201dkkj esa usrk  yksx vc ugha pyrsA \\u0327 \\u00b6nsoh&nsork\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6os Hkh vc ugha pyrsA \\u0327 LraHkdkj dks y{eh&x.ks'k] f'ko&ikoZrh] lhrk&jke] jk\\\/k&\\u00d1\\\".k] nqxkZ vkfn osQ reke dysaMj ;kn  vkus yxs tks mlus cpiu esa ns[ks Fks vkSj tks gj ?kj esa de ls de iwtk dh dksBjh esa \\u201dk:j yxs  gksrs FksA \\u00b6os D;ksa ugha pyrs\\\\ \\\/eZ rks ck\\u201dkkj ls vHkh x;k ugha! \\u0327 'kekZ th cksys\\u03bc\\u00b6x;k ugha ij mldk lwjt <y jgk gSA vc \\\/eZ esa mruh jks'kuh ughaA \\\/eZijk;.k  e\\u00e8;oxZ dk fny vc \\\/eZ osQ uke ls nedrk ugha] cq>k&cq>k jgrk gSA \\u0327 \\u00b6bldk D;k dkj.k gS\\\\ \\u0327 \\u00b6vkneh vc \\\/eZ vkSj deZdkaM ls Hkhrj ls mnklhu gks jgk gSA ;n~;fi vusd dkj.kksa ls ;g  mQijh [kkukiwjh fd, jgrk gSA nhokyh ij x.ks'k&y{eh 'kk;n blhfy, oqQN ?kjksa esa vk tkrs gSa] ml  iqjkuh vkLFkk osQ dkj.k ughaA \\u0327 \\u00b6egkiqjQ\\\"kksa vkSj larksa osQ dysaMj dk D;k gky gS\\\\ \\u0327\\u03bcLraHkdkj us dysaMj dykdkj ls iwNkA \\u00b6os rks vkSj Hkh ugha pyrsA \\u0327\\u03bctokc feykA LraHkdkj dks foosdkuan] jkerhFkZ] jk.kk izrki] f'kokth] n;kuan vkfn reke yksxksa dh ;kn vkbZ  tks ?kjksa dh nhokjksa ij \\u201dk:j V\\u00a1xs gksrs Fks] tgk\\u00a1 vc f\\u00d8osQV osQ f[kykM+h vkSj fI + kQYeh psgjs fpiosQ  gksrs gSaA\"","\" 80 \\u00b6egkiqjQ\\\"k rks vc f[kykM+h vkSj fI + kQYeh ghjks  cu x, gSaA tc rd mudk ck\\u201dkkj jgrk gS] ?kj  dh  nhokjksa  ij  ;s  fpiosQ  jgrs  gSaA  fiQj  mu   ij mUgha osQ {ks=k osQ nwljs psgjs fpid tkrs  gSA \\u0327\\u03bc'kekZ th us dgkA LraHkdkj lkspus yxk fdruk iru gks  x;k gS gekjs lekt dk fd jktuSfrd  usrk]  lar]  egkiqjQ\\\"k]  ikSjkf.kd  pfj=k]   iz\\u00d1fr]  nsoh&nsork  lc  nhokjksa  ij  ls   mrj  x,  vkSj    \\u00dck`axkfjdrk  dk  izn'kZu   mu ij p<+ x;kA D;k ;g lekt bruk  de\\u201dkksj gks x;k gS\\\\ \\u00b6fiQj vki D;k cukrs gSa vc\\\\ \\u0327\\u03bcdysaMj dykdkj ls LraHkdkj us iwNkA og dkI + kQh nsj pqi jgkA  fiQj cksyk\\u03bc \\u00b6fNViqV dksbZ ikVhZ tks dg nsrh gS] og cuk nsrk gw\\u00a1A bl {ks=k esa Hkh dkI + kQh izfr;ksfxrk gks xbZ  gSA lkS ls ysdj nks g\\u201dkkj jQi, rd esa dysaMj cukus okys fey tk,\\u00a1xsA eSa lsBksa&lkgwdkjksa osQ ;gk\\u00a1  muosQ ?kjksa vkSj eafnjksa esa nhokjksa ij dke djus yxk gw\\u00a1A mlh ij mudh e\\u201dkhZ ls oqQN cuk nsrk gw\\u00a1A \\u0327 \\u00b6;kuh vc oqQN nhokj ij iQM+iQM+krk ugha] mlls fpidk jgrk gS vkSj iiM+h osQ lkFk fxj tkrk  gSA \\u0327\\u03bc'kekZ th us dgkA LraHkdkj dks yxk fd lpeqp lekt dh ;gh gkyr gks xbZ gSA ;g dysaMj dykdkj Hkh  iQM+iQM+kuk Hkwy x;k gSA fleVrs&fleVrs vius O;olk; esa ;gk\\u00a1 vkdj fpid x;k gS] tgk\\u00a1 uSfrd  :i ls fxjus osQ flok dksbZ pkjk ugha gSA \\u03bclosZ'ojn;ky lDlsuk ys[kd ifjp; %  losZ'ojn;ky lDlsuk dk tUe 15 flracj] 1927 dks cLrh] mRrj izns'k esa gqvk FkkA dfo vkSj  lkfgR;dkj osQ :i esa izfln~\\\/ losZ'ojn;ky th fnueku vkSj ijkx tSlh if=kdkvksa ls tqM+s jgsA dbZ o\\\"kZ rd vkWy  bafM;k jsfM;ks esa Hkh lgk;d laiknd jgsA budh izeq[k jpuk,\\u00a1 gSa\\u03bc^dkB dh ?kafV;k\\u00a1*] ^ck\\u00a1l dk iqy*] ^,d lwuh  uko* (dkO; laxzg)] ^dPph lM+d*] ^v\\u00a1\\\/sjs ij v\\u00a1\\\/sjk*] ^cdjh*] ^yM+kbZ* vkfnA budh e`R;q 23 flracj] 1983  esa gqbZA u, 'kCn LraHkdkj  \\u03bc lekpkj&i=k esa fo'ks\\\"k fo\\\"k; ij fy[kus okyk   lkE;   \\u03bc lekurk LiwQfrZ  \\u03bc iqQjrh] rs\\u201dkh   [kkukiwjh \\u03bc [kkyh txg Hkjuk\"","\" 81 ,dk\\\/    \\u03bc fxurh esa cgqr de  {ks=k    \\u03bc LFkku 'kkSd  \\u03bc jQfp] ykylk  izn'kZu  \\u03bc fn[kykuk I + kQjsc     \\u03bc Ny] \\\/ks[kk  O;olk; \\u03bc dke \\\/a\\\/k] is'kk fojQnkoyh \\u03bc foLr`r ;'kksxku  uSfrd   \\u03bc uhfr laca\\\/h vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills LraHkdkj      LiwQfrZ       \\\/eZijk;.k      dysaMj             e\\u00e8;oxhZ;      izn'kZu      O;olk;h Lok\\\/hurk     ns'kHkfDr     O;fDrRo      fojQnkoyh     lkE;         vkLFkk          \\u00dck`axkfjdrk ikB dh ckr   Comprehension Skills   1-  uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  LraHkdkj osQ cpiu esa u;k dysaMj vkus dk D;k vFkZ gksrk Fkk\\\\   ([k)  dysaMj dk ykuk vkSj yxkuk fdldk 'kkSd Fkk\\\\   (x)  Lok\\\/hurk ls igys fdu egkiq#\\\"kksa osQ dysaMj yxk, tkrs Fks\\\\   (?k)  izkphu vkSj vk\\\/qfud usrkvksa osQ chp D;k varj gS\\\\      (\\u00c4)  vc dysaMj dykdkj D;k djus yxk gS\\\\       fyf[kr      (d)  vf\\\/drj dysaMj ?kjksa esa dc vkrs Fks\\\\   ([k)  igys fdl rjg osQ dysaMjksa dh ck<+ jgrh Fkh\\\\   (x)  lekt esa ns'kHkfDr dh ygj txkus esa fdu dysaMjksa dk gkFk Fkk\\\\   (?k)  vc fdlh usrk dk dysaMj yxkus dk D;k eryc fudkyk tkrk gS\\\\      (\\u00c4)  dysaMjksa esa fojQnkoyh osQ n~okjk fdl izdkj lkE; fn[kk;k tkrk Fkk\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  Lok\\\/hurk ls iwoZ usrkvksa osQ dysaMj fdl izdkj yksxksa dks ns'k ls tksM+rs Fks\\\\   ([k)  xka\\\/hth dks ^ued pksj* dgus dk D;k dkj.k gS\\\\   (x)  bl dgkuh dk osaQnzh; Hkko vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  fdls vius cpiu dh ;kn vkrh gS\\\\  LraHkdkj   'kekZ th   dysaMj dykdkj\"","\" 82      ([k)  fcuk rkjh[kokys dysaMj fdl ekSosQ ij vkrs Fks\\\\  Lora=krk fnol   u, o\\\"kZ ij   nhokyh ij   2-  ifBr xn~;ka'k dks i<+dj iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,A      \\u00b6gS dksbZ usrk ,slk ftldk dysaMj vki yxk ldrs gSa\\\\ vc fdlh usrk dk dysaMj yxkus] cukus ;k cspus  dk eryc ml ikVhZ dk gksuk gS vkSj ikVhZ osQ gksus dk eryc ml ikVhZ dh xanxh dks <ksuk gSA ,d Hkh  usrk vkt ,slk ugha gS tks ns'k dk usrk gksA lc ikVhZ osQ usrk gSaA vk\\u201dkknh iwoZ osQ jk\\\"V\\u00aah; usrkvksa tSlk  O;fDrRo vkt fdlh dk ugha gSA vkt gj usrk dh dgkuh R;kx] riL;k vkSj cfynku dh dgkuh ugha gS  cfYd Ny] I + kQjsc vkSj tksM+&rksM+ dh dgkuh gSA \\u0327   (d)  ;s iafDr;k\\u00a1 dkSu fdlls dg jgk gS\\\\                                 ([k)  vkt usrk osQ dysaMj dk D;k eryc gksrk gS\\\\   (x)  ^jk\\\"V\\u00aah;* 'kCn esa dkSu&lk izR;; gS\\\\ oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-   tks 'kCn f\\u00d8;k osQ ckjs esa ;g tkudkjh nsrs gSa fd f\\u00d8;k oSQls] dc] dgk\\u00a1 vkSj fdruh gqbZ] mUgsa  f\\u00d8;k&fo'ks\\\"k.k dgrs gSaA \\u2022   jhfrokpd f\\u00d8;k&fo'ks\\\"k.k  (oSQls)  og  rs\\u201dk  nkSM+kA \\u2022   dkyokpd f\\u00d8;k&fo'ks\\\"k.k  (dc)  og  dy  nkSM+kA \\u2022   LFkkuokpd f\\u00d8;k&fo'ks\\\"k.k  (dgk\\u00a1)  og  ogk\\u00a1  nkSM+kA \\u2022   ifjek.kokpd f\\u00d8;k&fo'ks\\\"k.k  (fdruh)  og  cgqr  nkSM+kA      fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ mfpr f\\u00d8;k&fo'ks\\\"k.k 'kCn pqudj dhft, rFkk f\\u00d8;k&fo'ks\\\"k.k Hksn fyf[k,A Hksn      (d)     rqe                    [ksyrs gksA (vHkh] ;gk\\u00a1] vPNk)    ([k)   fdlh dk cqjk er djksA (;gk\\u00a1] dHkh] lnk)    (x)   er tkvks] ckfj'k gks jgh gSA (vanj] ;gk\\u00a1] ckgj)    (?k)   de cksyks] eu yxkdj i<+ksA (vf\\\/d] FkksM+k] \\u201d;knk)       (\\u00c4)     M\\u00aakboj                    xkM+h pyk jgk FkkA (\\u00e8;kuiwoZd] ubZ] cM+h)    2-  dgkuhdkj] LraHkdkj] dykdkj\\u03bcbuesa ^dkj* izR;; yxk gS ftl dkj.k buosQ vFkZ cny x,A ,sls gh uhps  fn, 'kCnksa esa dkj] okyk] xj] bd izR;; yxkdj u, 'kCn cukb,A   i<+us   $  okyk   \\u00be                 i=k  $             \\u00be                     lC\\u201dkh   $              \\u00be                 fp=k  $             \\u00be               i<+usokyk\"","\" 83       ckth   $               \\u00be                 tknw  $             \\u00be                     \\\/EkZ   $               \\u00be                 iqjk.k $            \\u00be                 3-  uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa ls ewy 'kCn vkSj milxZ vyx dhft,A       voxq.k   \\u00be                $               fuMj   \\u00be                $                   cspSu   \\u00be                $               fons'k   \\u00be                $                   oqQiq=k   \\u00be                $               de\\u201dkksj  \\u00be               $                   izxfr   \\u00be                $               lifjokj \\u00be              $               4-  bu 'kCnksa osQ fyax cnydj fyf[k,A       cSy    \\u03bc                   n\\u201dkhZ  \\u03bc                      iafMr   \\u03bc                   ohj   \\u03bc                       ys[kd   \\u03bc                   lezkV \\u03bc                     v\\u00e8;{k   \\u03bc                   Lokeh \\u03bc                  fon~oku \\u03bc                 xk;d \\u03bc                 5-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ o.kZ&foPNsn dhft,A       ltkoV   \\u03bc                                      cfynku       \\u03bc                                         bfrgkl   \\u03bc                                      lkgwdkj       \\u03bc                                         Lok\\\/hurk   \\u03bc                                      jktuSfrd       \\u03bc                                     6-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa ls u,&u, 'kCn cukb,A       \\\/eZ   \\u03bc                                                       ns'k   \\u03bc                                                       iwtk   \\u03bc                                                       fp=k   \\u03bc                                                       fnu   \\u03bc                                                   7-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fodYiksa esa ls N\\u00a1kfV, vkSj ( \\uf0fc ) dk fpg~u yxkb,A      (d)     LiwQfrZ     \\u03bc       izR;{k   vkyL;   vizR;{k      ([k)     [kRe     \\u03bc       'kq:   vkfn   lkFkZd      (x)     cq>uk     \\u03bc       #duk   tyuk   iqjkru      (?k)     uSfrd     \\u03bc       vuqifLFkr   leuSfrd   vuSfrd      (\\u00c4)     vk\\u201dkknh      \\u03bc   xqykeh   Lora=krk   g\\\"kZ      (p)     LoLFk     \\u03bc       de\\u201dkksj   vLoLFk   vkLoLFk\"","\" 84 oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Creative, Writing and Speaking Skills   1-  vkius ,d u;k dysaMj cuk;k gS] mldh fo'ks\\\"krkvksa dks crkrk vkSj xzkgdksa dks yqHkkrk foKkiu rS;kj  dhft,A   2-  Hkkjr osQ egku Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa osQ fp=k ,df=kr dj dksykt cukb,A   3-  vk\\u201dkknh ls iwoZ vkSj ckn esa cnys gq, usrkvksa dh Nfo ij okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu dhft,A   4-  ^le; dk lnqi;ksx*\\u03bcbl fo\\\"k; ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A   5-  le; dk egRo le>krs gq, vius NksVs HkkbZ dks ,d i=k vFkok bZ&esy fyf[k,A ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  vk\\\/qfud le; esa \\\/kfeZd dysaMjksa dk egRo D;ksa ?kVus yxk gS\\\\   2-  vk\\\/qfudrk osQ dkj.k D;k thou esa vfuf'prrk,\\u00a1 c<+ xbZ gSa\\\\ oxZ&igsyh \\u2022   laosQrksa dh lgk;rk ls oxZ&igsyh iwjh dhft,A       laosQr   %     ck,\\u00a1 ls nk,\\u00a1    mQij ls uhps   1-  NqV~Vh vkfn osQ fy, izkFkZuk djrs gq, i=k fy[kuk  2-  i=k esa uezrk ls fopkj izdV djuk   4-  HkkX; dk i;kZ; 'kCn  3-  cgqr iqjkuk le;   6-  mM+us okyk ,d i{kh  5-  Mjiksd dk foykse 'kCn   7-  lkxj dk i;kZ; 'kCn  9-  tks jpuk dykRed gks        8-       ijkftr       gksuk   10-  tks fcuk frfFk osQ vk, izk y os c j d v 1 6 4 7 8 10 3 2 5 9\"","\" 85 'ks[kj viuh O;ogkj oqQ'kyrk osQ dkj.k lHkh dks fiz; Fkk tcfd vrqy dk nqO;Zogkj lHkh dks  [kVdrk FkkA nksuksa ,d gh 'kgj esa ,d gh xyh esa jgrs FksA vrqy vDlj i'kq&if{k;ksa dks lrkrk  rks dHkh NksVs cPpksa dks rax djrk FkkA ;gh ugha og cM+ksa dk dguk Hkh ugha ekurk FkkA ysfdu  'ks[kj dks ns[kdj og eu gh eu mlls bZ\\\";kZ djrk FkkA mldh le> esa ugha vkrk Fkk fd lc  mls D;ksa bruk ilan djrs gSaA og vDlj lksprk fd mlesa ,slk D;k gS tks lc mls pkgrs gaSA ;g  ckr ysfdu og fdlh osQ lkeus ugha cksyrk Fkk vkSj vanj gh vanj bl ckr dks nck, j[krk FkkA ,d fnu vrqy osQ ?kj 'ks[kj igq\\u00a1pkA mlus vrqy osQ nknk&nknh osQ ik\\u00a1o Nq,A nknkth g\\u00a1lrs gq,  mldh ihB Bksdus yxsA nknhth us vk'khokZn dh >M+h yxk nhA brus esa vrqy us viuh eEeh osQ  lkFk dejs esa izos'k fd;kA 'ks[kj us muosQ Hkh iSj Nwdj iz.kke fd;k rks os rqjar vrqy dks ns[kdj  cksyha\\u03bc^vjs vrqy! oqQN lh[k 'ks[kj lsA oSQls cM+ksa dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A* vrqy ^m\\u00a1Qgw* dgdj  eq\\u00a1g iqQykdj lksisQ ij \\\/Ee&ls cSB x;kA 'ks[kj us g\\u00a1lrs gq, dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6vjs vkaVh] ,slh ckrsa rks vrqy  dks Hkh irk gSaA pyks] vrqy ckgj [ksyus pysaA \\u0327 vrqy mlh rjg eq\\u00a1g iqQykdj mBk vkSj dejs ls  ckgj fudy x;kA 'ks[kj us vkaVh ls btk\\u201dkr ek\\u00a1xh vkSj ckgj [ksyus osQ fy, py iM+kA  vkt vrqy osQ gkFk esa ,d cM+h ckWy FkhA 'ks[kj vkSj vrqy ikoZQ esa ig\\u00a1qpdj [ksyus yxs ysfdu  vrqy dk eu [ksy esa ugha yx jgk FkkA 'ks[kj  mldk \\u00e8;ku ckj&ckj vkdf\\\"kZr djus dh  dksf'k'k djrk ysfdu og vueus  eu ls iqQVckWy ij iSj ekjrk  jgkA vpkud mldk iSj ckWy  dh  txg  iRFkj  ls  Vdjk   x;k vkSj og eq\\u00a1g osQ cy  \\u201dkehu ij fxj iM+kA mlus  pkjksa rjI + kQ u\\u201dkj ?kqekbZ fd  dksbZ  mls  vkdj  mBk,   ysfdu  fdlh  dk  Hkh   \\u00e8;ku  mldh  rjI + kQ  ugha   x;kA  eksgu  vkSj  jes'k   \\u00b7  vrqy dh uknkuh\"","\" 86 ogha [ksy jgs Fks] os mls ns[kdj vkxs pys x,A vrqy dks jksuk vk jgk Fkk fd rHkh 'ks[kj us mls  da\\\/k idM+dj mBk;kA vkSj mlosQ diM+ksa ls feV~Vh >kM+us yxkA og mlosQ iSjksa ij \\u00e8;ku ls ns[kus  yxk fd dgha dksbZ pksV rks ugha vkbZA vrqy us Hkh >qddj iSjksa dh rjI + kQ ns[kkA cl FkksM+h&lh  [kjksap osQ vykok \\u201d;knk pksV ugha yxh FkhA ysfdu vrqy dks ,glkl gks x;k Fkk fd mldh enn  dks vkt dksbZ ugha vk;k osQoy 'ks[kj gh mldk lgkjk cukA og nksuksa nksckjk [ksyus yxs ysfdu  vrqy dk \\u00e8;ku [ksy ij vHkh Hkh ugha yx jgk FkkA vkf[kjdkj 'ks[kj ls ugha jgk x;kA mlus ckWy  jksddj vrqy ls iwNk\\u03bc\\u00b6D;k js vrqy! D;k gqvk gS rqEgsa\\\\ [ksy ij rqEgkjk \\u00e8;ku gh ugha gSA D;k  ckr gS] eq>s ugha crkvksxsA \\u0327 \\u00b6oqQN ugha 'ks[kj] eSa rqEgkjk nksLr gw\\u00a1 blfy, pqi gw\\u00a1A \\u0327 vrqy us uhph fuxkg dj cksykA \\u00b6vPNk  ckr crkvksA \\u0327 \\u00b6vjs nksLr] oqQN ugha] lc eq>s cqjk gh le>rs gSaA vkt dksbZ esjh lgk;rk osQ fy,  ugha vk;kA eSa rqEgkjs tSlk cuuk pkgrk gw\\u00a1 ysfdu fdruh Hkh dksf'k'k dj yw\\u00a1 eSa rqEgkjs tSlk ugha  cu ldrkA \\u0327 vrqy us f>>drs gq, dgkA 'ks[kj mldh ckr le> jgk FkkA mlus cM+s gh \\\/S;Z ls  mls le>k;k\\u03bc\\u00b6ns[kks nksLr] rqe FkksM+h&lh le>nkjh ls vxj dke yks rks gks ldrk gS fd rqeesa Hkh  lq\\\/kj vk tk,A eSa \\u201d;knk oqQN ugha djrk] cl lcls I;kj ls cksyrk gw\\u00a1A lcosQ dkeksa esa gkFk c\\u00a1Vkrk  gw\\u00a1A bu lc dke esa eq>s vPNk yxrk gS vkSj fdlh dke dks djus esa cqjkbZ Hkh D;k gS\\\\ eEeh&ikik  dk dguk ekurk g\\u00a1wA fcuk fdlh ckr ij u g\\u00a1lrk gw\\u00a1] u cksyrk gw\\u00a1A tkuojksa osQ lkFk dksbZ nqO;Zogkj  ugha djrkA cl \\u00e8khjs&\\u00e8khjs rqe Hkh djus yxks rks ;s rqEgkjh vknr esa vk tk,xk fiQj lc rqEgsa Hkh  I;kj djus yxsaxsA pyks] vkt osQ fy, brukA vc dy feysaxsA \\u00e8;ku j[kuk] lcdk dguk ekuuk]  cM+&cM+ er djukA \\u0327 vrqy dks oqQN&oqQN ckrsa vc le> esa vkus yxh FkhaA og lkspus yxk&eSaus nknk&nknh dk dHkh  dguk ugha lqukA eEeh&ikik ls viuh ph\\u201dkksa dks ek\\u00a1xus osQ fy, f\\u201dkn djrk rks gw\\u00a1 ysfdu muosQ  dkeksa ls th pqjkrk gw\\u00a1A m\\\/j 'ks[kj vius eEeh&ikik dk gh ugha iM+ksfl;ksa dk Hkh dke g\\u00a1lrs gq,  djrk gSA i<+kbZ esa Hkh og gksf'k;kj gSA LowQy dk Hkh dke iwjk j[krk gSA Bhd gS vkt ls  --- cfYd  vHkh ls eSa lcdk dguk ekuw\\u00a1xk vkSj lcdk lEeku d:\\u00a1 xkA lksprs&lksprs vrqy ?kj dh vksj dne  c<+krk jgkA\"","\" 87 (izLrqr ukVd osQ n~okjk ys[kd ;g crkrk gS fd ;fn ge viuk y{; fu\\\/kZfjr dj ysa rks vk;q vkSj 'kkjhfjd  v{kerk Hkh mlosQ lkeus ck\\\/d ugha curhA thou esa pqukSfr;k\\u00a1 Lohdkj djosQ gh vkxs c<+k tk ldrk gSA bl  ukVd esa v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 viuh 'kkjhfjd viaxrk dh detksjh dks cqn~f\\\/ osQ cy ls 'kfDr laiUu cuk ysrk gS rFkk firk  osQ 'kki dks Hkh vk'khokZn osQ :i esa xzg.k djrk gSA) ik=k&ifjp; lqnkek   \\u03bc egkjkt tud osQ ea=kh  v\\\"VkoozQ  \\u03bc ,d czkg~e.k oqQekj oanu   \\u03bc 'kkL=kkFkZ djusokys egkiafMr  dgksM+    \\u03bc v\\\"VkoozQ osQ firk 'krkuan   \\u03bc egkjkt tud osQ iqjksfgr  lHkkln vkSj izgjh egkjkt tud  \\u03bc fonsg jkT; osQ vf\\\/ifr lqnkek      %      (vius vklu ls mBdj) egkjkt fonsg vc vkus gh okys gSaA lHkh egkuqHkko lko\\\/ku  gks tk,\\u00a1A     (fufejkt egkjkt fonsg dh t;! usiF; esa rhu ckj t;&\\u00e8ofu gksrh gSA fufejkt  fonsg dk vkxeuA lc yksx [kM+s gks tkrs gSaA egkjkt ij iq\\\"i&o\\\"kkZ gksrh gSA os vius  flagklu ij cSBrs gSaA muosQ cSBus ij lc viuk vklu xzg.k djrs gSaA) 'krkuan     % egkjkt dk dY;k.k gks! egf\\\"kZ ;kKoYD; rks vkt Hkh ugha vk,A vc lHkk dk  dk;Z\\u00d8e D;k gks] bldh ?kks\\\"k.kk djus dh \\u00d1ik djsaA tud   %  D;k jktiafMr oanu feJ ;gk\\u00a1 gSa\\\\ oanu   %  (mBdj) egkjkt dh t;! eSa mifLFkr gw\\u00a1A fiNys lkr fnuksa esa eSaus lHkh iafMrksa dks  'kkL=kkFkZ esa ijkftr fd;kA os gSa \\u00bdf\\\"k dkSf'kd] \\\/ekZpk;Z] eqn~xy] dgksM+] iqjat;]  funk?k vkSj ykse'kA bl 'kkL=kkFkZ osQ fu;ekuqlkj os lHkh ijkftr gksus ij unh esa Mqcks  fn, x,A vkt laHkor% fdlh iafMr dk lkgl ugha gS fd og esjs lkeus 'kkL=kkFkZ  osQ fy, mifLFkr gksA tud   %  vki FkksM+h nsj izrh{kk djsa! laHko gS] dksbZ vkidks ijkftr djus dh bPNk ls mifLFkr  gks tk,A (izgjh dk izos'k) izgjh   %  egkjkt dh t;A ckjg o\\\"kZ dk ,d ckyd vkidh jktlHkk esa mifLFkr gksus dh  vkKk pkgrk gSA 'kkL=kFkZ 11\"","\" 88 tud   %  ckjg o\\\"kZ dk ckyd! og D;k pkgrk gS\\\\ izgjh   %  jktiafMr oanu feJ ls 'kkL=kkFkZ djus dh vuqefr pkgrk gSA tud   %  ckjgo\\\"khZ; ckyd jktiafMr oanu feJ ls 'kkL=kkFkZ djsxk\\\\ D;k og jktiafMr n~okjk  ?kksf\\\"kr fu;e ugha tkurk fd 'kkL=kkFkZ esa ijkftr gksus ij og unh esa Mqcks fn;k  tk,xk\\\\ izgjh   %  eSaus ;g fu;e mls crk fn;k gS fiQj Hkh og 'kkL=kkFkZ djus osQ fy, gB djrk gSA tud   %  og ikxy rks ugha gS\\\\ izgjh   %  egkjkt! og ikxy rks ugha yxrk foaQrq mldk 'kjhj vkB LFkkuksa ls Vs<+k gSA tud   %  mldk uke D;k gS\\\\ izgjh   %  mlus viuk uke v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 cryk;k gSA oanu   % ,sls Vs<+s 'kjhjokyk eq>ls D;k 'kkL=kkFkZ djsxk\\\\ (lkjs iafMr 'krkuan ls laosQrksa esa  ftKklk izdV djrs gSaA) 'krkuan      %  egkjkt! iafMrksa osQ eu esa ftKklk gS fd og ckyd dkSu gS vkSj oSQlk gSA ;fn  vkKk gks rks mls cqyok fy;k tk,A tud   %  mldk vieku ugha gksuk pkfg,A (izgjh ls) vPNk] mls HkstksA izgjh   %  egkjkt dh tks vkKkA (izLFkku) (v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 dk izos'kA mldk 'kjhj vkB LFkkuksa ls Vs<+k gSA og e`x&peZ yisVs gq, gSA) v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  (gkFk mBkdj) egkjkt dk dY;k.k gksA tud   %  Lokxr gS] czkg~e.k oqQekjA (v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 dks ns[kdj iafMr g\\u00a1lrs gSaA) v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  egkjkt! eq>s ns[kdj vkidh lHkk osQ lHkh iafMr g\\u00a1l jgs gSaA eSa rks le>k Fkk fd  vkidh lHkk esa fo'o izfln~\\\/ izdkaM iafMr gksaxs foaQrq--------\\\\ tud   %  ;gk\\u00a1 osQ lHkh iafMr  vkSj lHkkln czg~eKkuh  gSaA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8     %  jktu~!  czg~eKkuh  rks  os   dgykrs gSa tks 'kjhj esa  'kqn~\\\/ vkSj fufoZdkj vkRek  dks igpkurs gSaA tks osQoy  peM+s ls <osQ gq, 'kjhj dks  ns[krs gSa os czg~eKkuh oSQls gks  ldrs gSa!\"","\" 89 tud   %  rqe lR; dgrs gks] czkg~e.k oqQekj! rqe Kkuh gksA vkvks] bl vklu ij cSBksA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  egkjkt dk dY;k.k gksA (v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 vklu ij cSBrs gSaA) tud   %  viuk ifjp; nks] czkg~e.k oqQekj! v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  jktu~! esjs firk egkiafMr dgksM+ vkSj esjs ukuk egf\\\"kZ mn~nkyd gSaA oanu   %  os eq>ls 'kkL=kkFkZ esa ijkftr gq, Fks vkSj naM&Lo:i unh esa Mqcks fn, x,A v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    % gk\\u00a1] bldh lwpuk esjh ek\\u00a1 lqtkrk us fllfd;k\\u00a1 ysrs gq, eq>s nh Fkh vkSj blfy,  egkiafMr oanu ls cnyk ysus osQ fy, gh eSa ;gk\\u00a1 vk;k g\\u00a1wA tud   %  rks D;k rqe egkiafMr oanu ls 'kkL=kkFkZ djksxs\\\\ ;g tku yks fd ijkftr gksus ij  rqEgkjh Hkh ogh n'kk gksxh tks rqEgkjs firk dh gqbZA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  eSa ;g tkurk gw\\u00a1A tud   %  rqe vius foi{kh dh izopu 'kfDr dks tkus fcuk oSQls 'kkL=kkFkZ djus osQ fy, izLrqr  gks\\\\ cgqr ls iafMr vkpk;Z oanu dk izHkko ns[k pqosQ gSaA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  vHkh vkpk;Z oanu dks ge tSlksa osQ lkFk 'kkL=kkFkZ djus dk volj ugha feyk gSA oanu   %  czkg~e.k oqQekj! vf\\\/d vfHkeku dh ckrsa er djksA eq>s rqe ij n;k vkrh gSA eq>ls  'kkL=kkFkZ dj D;ksa vius thou dk var djuk pkgrs gks\\\\ rqe vHkh ckyd gksA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  oanu feJ th] vk;q osQ vuqlkj NksVs&cM+s dk fu.kZ; rks ew[kZ&eaMyh esa gksrk gSA vk;q  esa Hkys gh NksVk dgk tkm\\u00a1Q foaQrq Kku esa vki eq>s NksVk D;ksa ekurs gSa\\\\ iQyksa ls  ynk gqvk NksVk o`{k iQy&jfgr yacs o`{kksa ls vf\\\/d fiz; gksrk gSA oanu   %  Vs<+s vaxksa esa cM+h cqn~f\\\/ gSA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  esjs Vs<+s vax rks esjs iwT; firk osQ ojnku ls gh gSaA esjs firk tc osn&ikB djrs Fks  rks mnkRr dks vuqnkRr i<+ tkrs FksA eSaus mUgsa VksdkA igyh ckj rks os oqQN ugha cksys  foaQrq tc eSaus mUgsa vkB LFkkuksa ij Vksdk rks mUgksaus \\u00d8ks\\\/ ls 'kki nsrs gq, dgk fd  rwus eq>s vkB ckj Vksdk gS] blfy, bl oqQfVyrk osQ dkj.k rsjs vax vkB LFkkuksa ls  Vs<+s gks tk,\\u00a1xsA oanu   %  ftl firk us 'kki nsdj rqEgkjs vax Vs<s+ dj fn,] mUgha firk dh e`R;q dk cnyk ysus  vk, gks\\\\ v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  firk rks firk gSaA os vkdk'k ls Hkh egku gSaA tud   %  rqe lR; dgrs gks czkg~e.k oqQekj! eq>s fo'okl gS fd rqe vR;ar izfrHkk'kkyh vkSj  'kkL=kksa osQ iafMr gks foaQrq 'kkL=kkFkZ dh vkKk nsus ls igys eSa vius larks\\\"k osQ fy,  rqels iz'u djrk gw\\u00a1A v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  vo'; dhft,] jktu!\"","\" 90 tud   %  ;g crkvks] lksrs le; dkSu us=k ugha ew\\u00a1nrk] tUe ysus osQ ckn fdlesa xfr ugha gksrh]  fdlosQ \\u00e2n; ugha gksrk vkSj dkSu osx ls c<+rk gS\\\\ v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  jktu~! eNyh lksrs le; vk\\u00a1[ksa can ugha djrh] vaMk mRiUu gksus ij Hkh ps\\\"Vkghu  jgrk gS] iRFkj osQ \\u00e2n; ugha gksrk vkSj unh gh osx ls c<+rh gSA tud   %  Bhd gS] rqe okLro esa izfrHkk'kkyh gksA eSa rqEgsa 'kkL=kkFkZ dh vuqefr iznku djrk gw\\u00a1A oanu   %  laiw.kZ txr dks izdkf'kr djusokyh ,d vfXu gSA 'k=kqvksa dks u\\\"V djusokyk nsojkt  banz ,d gh gSA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  lkFk jgusokys nks gSa\\u03bcvfXu vkSj banzA jFk osQ p\\u00d8 Hkh nks gh gSaA oanu   %  ;K&deks\\u00b1 dk fuokZg djusokys \\u00bdx~] lke vkSj ;tqosZn gh rhu osn gSaA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  vkJe pkj gSa vkSj ok.kh osQ Hkh pkj pj.k gSaA oanu   %  bafnz;ksa dh la[;k ik\\u00a1p gSA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  eu lfgr Kkusafnz;k\\u00a1 Ng gSaA oanu   %  lIrf\\\"kZ;ksa dh la[;k lkr gSA oh.kk osQ rkj lkr gSaA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  olqvksa dh la[;k vkB gSA oanu   %  uo fuf\\\/;k\\u00a1 gSaA vadksa dh la[;k ,d ls ukS gSA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  'kjhj dh nl voLFkk,\\u00a1 gSaA oanu   %  jQnz ,dkn'k gSaA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  laoRlj esa ckjg ekl gksrs gSaA vkfnR; n~okn'k gSaA oanu   %  =k;ksn'kh frfFk mRre ekuh xbZ gSA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  prqnZ'k banz gSa] prqnZ'k Hkqou gSa] prqnZ'k euq gSa] prqnZ'k ;e gSa] prqnZ'k jRu gSa] prqnZ'k  fon~;k,\\u00a1 gSaA oanu   %  iapn'k frfFk;k\\u00a1 gSaA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  \\\"kksM'k dyk,\\u00a1 gSa] \\\"kksM'k  \\u00dck`axkj gSa] \\\"kksM'k laLdkj gSaA oanu   %  vaR;kf\\\"Vdk Nan dk ,d in l=kg v{kjksa dk gSA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  v\\\"Vkn'k iqjk.k gSa] v\\\"Vkn'k o.kZ gSa] v\\\"Vkn'k O;lu gSa] v\\\"Vkn'k Le`fr;k\\u00a1 gSaA oanu   %  mUuhl---- mUuhl---- mUuhl---- (lksprs gSa] tokc ugha ns ikrs) v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  vki mRrj ugha ns losQA vki viuh gkj ekusaxs\\\\ tkus nhft,A eSa crykrk gw\\u00a1A T;ksfr\\\"k  esa 'kfu dk HkksX; mUuhl o\\\"kZ gSA (oanu gSjku jg tkrs gSaA) tud   %  v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 osQ mRrj Bhd gSaA vc v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 iz'u djsaA (v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 dk iz'u&p\\u00d8 vkjaHk gksrk gSA) v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  dkSu lksrk gS] dkSu tkxrk gS vkSj dkSu nlksa fn'kkvksa esa tk ldrk gS\\\\\"","\" 91 oanu   %  vKku lksrk gS] Kku tkxrk gS vkSj dYiuk nlksa fn'kkvksa esa tk ldrh gSA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  lcls Js\\\"B vklu fdldk gS\\\\ oanu       %      larks\\\"k      dkA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  fcuk iSj osQ dkSu pyrk gS\\\\ oanu       %      fopkjA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  ;{k osQ gkFk esa ,d frudk Fkk ftls vfXu ugha tyk ldh] iou ugha mM+k ldk  ij banz osQ vkus ij og ;{k D;ksa var\\\/kZu gks x;k\\\\ oanu   %  D;ksafd banz lqjs'oj gSA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  ;g mRrj Bhd ugha gSA tud   %  gk\\u00a1] mRrj Bhd ugha gSA ;{k blfy, vn`'; gks x;k D;ksafd vfXu vkSj ok;q dh  vis{kk banz vf\\\/d vfHkekuh gS vkSj vfHkekfu;ksa ls lk{kkRdkj djuk ;{k osQ lEeku  osQ izfrowQy FkkA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  iafMrjkt oanu! ;{k osQ vn`'; gksus ij tks lqanjh izdV gqbZ] og dkSu Fkh\\\\ oanu       %      mekA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  ;g mek dkSu Fkh\\\\ ioZrjkt fgeoku dh iq=kh\\\\ oanu       %      gk\\u00a1]      ikoZrhA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  (tud ls) jktu!  iafMrjkt oanu dk  mRrj  Bhd  ugha   gSA tud   %  gk\\u00a1] Bhd ugha gSA  mek  czg~e  dh   vkfn 'kfDr gSA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  jktu! ,d ckj  mRrj u nsus osQ  dkj.k vkSj nks  ckj mRrj v'kqn~\\\/ gksus osQ dkj.k egkiafMr oanu feJ ijkftr gq,A tud   %  fuLlansg mRrj u nsus osQ dkj.k iafMr oanu feJ ijkftr gq,A (lHkk esa djry \\u00e8ofu vkSj loZ fot;h egkiafMr v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 dh t;dkj gksrh gS) v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  ;g esjk lkSHkkX; gS fd eSa vius firk dk izfr'kks\\\/ ys ldkA (tud ls) jktu!  'kkL=kkFkZ osQ fu;ekuqlkj iafMrjkt oanu dks ijkftr gksus ij unh esa Mqcks, tkus dh  vkKk iznku djsaA\"","\" 92 oanu   %  (f?kf?k;krs gq,) egkjkt] egkjkt---- tud   %  egkiafMr v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 gh vkidks {kek dj ldrs gSaA oanu   %  egkiafMr v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 th! vkils fouezrkiwoZd {kek ek\\u00a1xrk gw\\u00a1A v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  vkius iafMrksa vkSj esjs firk dks 'kkL=kkFkZ esa ijkftr gksus ij {kek fd;k Fkk\\\\ oanu   %  jktu! vc eSa lkjk jgL; mn~?kkfVr djrk gw\\u00a1A egkjkt tud! eSa jktk ojQ.k dk iq=k  gw\\u00a1A muosQ ;gk\\u00a1 Hkh ckjg o\\\"kks\\u00b1 esa iw.kZ gksusokyk ;K py jgk FkkA ml ;K osQ vuq\\\"Bku  osQ fy, eq>s lkr Js\\\"B iafMrksa dh vko';drk FkhA ty esa Mqcksus osQ cgkus eSaus mUgsa  ml ;K esa Hkst fn;kA os lc firk ojQ.k dk ;K iw.kZ dj ykSV jgs gksaxsA tud   %  ;fn ,slh ckr gS rks lkrksa iafMrksa dks ysdj vkvksA oanu   %  eSa vHkh tkrk gw\\u00a1A (oanu iqu% izos'k djrs gSa) oanu   %  egkjkt dh t; gks! tks iafMr 'kkL=kkFkZ esa eq>ls ijkftr gq, Fks] os lHkh vkidh  lsok esa mifLFkr gSaA esjk vijk\\\/ {kek dhft,A lqnkek   %  {kek osQ ;ksX; rks ;g dk;Z ugha gS foaQrq lHkh iafMrksa osQ thfor vkSj LoLFk jgus osQ  miy{; esa {kek djus dh ckr lksph tk ldrh gSA lkrksa iafMr   %  (lfEefyr Loj esa) egkjkt dk dY;k.k gksA dgksM+   %  eSaus lquk gS fd esjs csVs v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 us 'kkL=kkFkZ esa egkiafMr feJ dks ijkftr dj esjh  gkj dk cnyk ys fy;kA oanu   %  mldks vkius 'kki nsdj v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 cuk fn;kA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  egkiafMr oanu feJ firk vkSj iq=k osQ chp esa cksyus dk vkidks dksbZ vf\\\/dkj ugha  gSA dgksM+   %  gk\\u00a1] v\\\"Vko\\u00d8! efLr\\\"d ls rqe ftrus iz[kj gks] \\u00e2n; ls mrus gh fueZyA rqe tSls  iq=kksa ls gh firk \\u00d1rkFkZ gksrk gSA eSa rks dkeuk djrk gw\\u00a1 fd Hkkjr esa izR;sd firk dks  ,sls gh iq=k dh izkfIr gksA v\\\"Vko\\u00d8    %  izHkq eq>s 'kfDr nsa fd eSa vkiosQ 'kki vkSj vk'khokZn dks leku :i ls xzg.k djus  esa leFkZ jgw\\u00a1A dgksM+   %  tc eSaus ojQ.k ;K esa vkgqfr Mkyh rks Hkxoku ojQ.k us dgk fd rqEgkjk iq=k rqEgkjs  lkFk leaxk unh esa Luku djs rks og vR;ar lqanj 'kjhj \\\/kj.k dj ysxkA og v\\\"Vko\\u00d8  u jgdj lqMkSy vkSj lqanj \\u00bdf\\\"k oqQekj cu tk,xkA tud   %  eSa ;g lqudj cgqr izlUu gw\\u00a1A dgksM+   %  rks jktu~! vkKk nhft, fd ge nksuksa leaxk unh esa Luku djus osQ fy, 'kh?kz gh  izLFkku djsaA\"","\" 93 tud   %  vo';A LoLFk gksus ij vki nksuksa gekjh lHkk esa vkus dk d\\\"V djsaA dgksM+   %  vkiosQ ikl vkuk gekjk lkSHkkX; gh gSA dgksM+] v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 rFkk vU;  % egkjkt dk dY;k.k gks! (ijnk fxjrk gSA) \\u03bcMkW- jkeoqQekj oekZ ys[kd ifjp; %  MkW- jkeoqQekj oekZ dk tUe 15 flracj] 1905 esa e\\u00e8;izns'k osQ lkxj ftys esa gqvkA fganh dh  y?kq ukV~; ijaijk dks ,d u;k eksM+ nsus okys MkW- jkeoqQekj oekZ vk\\\/qfud fganh lkfgR; esa ,dkadh lezkV osQ :i  esa tkus tkrs gSaA buosQ ,dkadh laxzg\\u03bci`Fohjkt dh vk\\u00a1[ksa] ik\\u00a1p tUe] dkSeqnh egksRlo] pkjQfe=kk] foHkwfr vkfn gSaA  dkO;&fp=kjs[kk] fpRrkSM+ dh fprk] \\u00d1frdk vkfnA bUgsa HkoHkwfr] ^Hkkjr Hkkjrh* ls Hkh vya\\u00d1r fd;k x;kA budh  e`R;q 5 vDrwcj] 1990 esa gqbZA u, 'kCn usiF;   \\u03bc ijns osQ ihNs  ew\\u00a1nrk    \\u03bc can fd;k gqvk 'kkL=kkFkZ  \\u03bc 'kkL=k vk\\\/kfjr ijh{kk  Kkusafnz;k\\u00a1  \\u03bc fo\\\"k;ksa dk Kku djus okyh bafnz;k\\u00a1 ijkftr  \\u03bc gkjuk  laoRlj   \\u03bc o\\\"kZ vuqefr  \\u03bc vkKk  Hkqou    \\u03bc txr] lalkj izdkaM   \\u03bc fo'kky] loZJs\\\"B  O;lu    \\u03bc cqjh vknr] yr fufoZdkj \\u03bc ftlesa fodkj u gks  var\\\/kZu  \\u03bc yksi gks tkuk fu.kZ;   \\u03bc   I + kSQlyk  lk{kkRdkj \\u03bc izR;{k HksaV] lkeus vkuk mnkRr   \\u03bc m\\u00a1Qpk] egku  fuLlansg  \\u03bc lansgjfgr vuqnkRr  \\u03bc \\\/hek] uhpk  izfr'kks\\\/  \\u03bc cnyk] izfrdkj oqQfVyrk \\u03bc nq\\\"Vrk] Vs<+kiu  iz[kj    \\u03bc rh{.k] rs\\u201dk vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills egkuqHkko      usiF;      ;kKoYD;      'kkL=kkFkZ      eqn~xy        v\\\"Vko\\u00d8      fufoZdkj mn~nkyd      mnkRr      vuqnkRr        ;tqosZn       lk{kkRdkj      izfr'kks\\\/       vuq\\\"Bku ukVd dh ckr   Comprehension Skills   1-  uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  'kkL=kkFkZ djus okys egkiafMr dkSu Fks\\\\\"","\" 94      ([k)  iafMr oanu feJ us 'kkL=kkFkZ esa fdudks ijkftr fd;k Fkk\\\\   (x)  jktiafMr oanu feJ ls var esa dkSu 'kkL=kkFkZ djus vk;k\\\\   (?k)  ^v\\\"Vko\\u00d8* dk 'kjhj oSQlk Fkk\\\\      (\\u00c4)  jktk tud us vius lHkklnksa dks fdl ckr osQ fy, lko\\\/ku fd;k\\\\       fyf[kr      (d)  v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 us viuk ifjp; fdl izdkj fn;k\\\\   ([k)  v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 egkiafMr oanu ls cnyk ysus D;ksa vk;k Fkk\\\\   (x)  v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 us viuh vk;q osQ NksVs gksus ij D;k roZQ fn;k\\\\   (?k)  v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 dk 'kjhj vkB txg ls Vs<+k D;ksa gks x;k Fkk\\\\      (\\u00c4)  v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 us jktk osQ iz'uksa dk D;k mRrj fn;k\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 us fdl&fdldh la[;k vBkjg crkbZ\\\\   ([k)  iafMr oanu us ijkftr gksus ij dkSu&lk jgL; mn~?kkfVr fd;k\\\\   (x)  dgksM+ us v\\\"Vko\\u00d8 osQ Bhd gksus osQ fy, D;k mik; crk;k\\\\       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  laiw.kZ txr dks izdkf'kr djus okyh 'kfDr dkSu gS\\\\     vfXu   lw;Z   ijekRek      ([k)  lksrs le; dkSu us=k ugha ew\\u00a1nrk\\\\     'ksj    eNyh   ykseM+h   (x)  eu lfgr Kkusafnz;k\\u00a1 fdruh crkbZ xbZ gSa\\\\     ik\\u00a1p    Ng   lkr   (?k)  frfFk;k\\u00a1 fdruh crkbZ xb\\u00b1 gSa\\\\     prqnZ'k   =k;ksn'kh   iapn'k   2-  ifBr xn~;ka'k dks i<+dj iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A      egkjkt dh t;! eSa mifLFkr gw\\u00a1A fiNys lkr fnuksa esa eSaus lHkh iafMrksa dks 'kkL=kkFkZ esa ijkftr fd;kA os gSa  \\u00bdf\\\"k dkSf'kd] \\\/ekZpk;Z] eqn~xy] dgksM+] iqjat;] funk?k vkSj ykse'kA bl 'kkL=kkFkZ osQ fu;ekuqlkj os lHkh  ijkftr gksus ij unh esa Mqcks fn, x,A vkt laHkor% fdlh iafMr dk lkgl ugha gS fd og esjs lkeus  'kkL=kkFkZ osQ fy, mifLFkr gksA   (d)  dkSu fdlls dg jgk gS\\\\                                                                              \"","\" 95      ([k)  fdlus lHkh iafMrksa dks 'kkL=kkFkZ esa ijkftr fd;k Fkk\\\\   (x)  oDrk us dkSu&dkSu ls \\u00bdf\\\"k;ksa dks 'kkL=kkFkZ esa ijkftr fd;k\\\\ oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-   cPpks] deZ osQ vk\\\/kj ij fozQ;k osQ nks Hksn gSa\\u03bc    (d)  ldeZd  fozQ;k   ([k)  vdeZd  fozQ;k      (d)      ldeZd fozQ;k \\u03bcftu fozQ;kvksa dk iQy deZ ij iM+rk gS] mUgsa  ldeZd fozQ;k  dgrs gSaA tSls\\u03bc lfpu iqLrd i<+ jgk gSA      ([k)      vdeZd fozQ;k \\u03bcftu fozQ;kvksa dk iQy drkZ ij iM+rk gS] mUgsa  vdeZd fozQ;k  dgrs gSaA tSls\\u03bc vafdrk nkSM+ jgh gSA      uhps fn, okD;ksa esa fozQ;k dks igpkudj mldk Hksn fyf[k,A      (d)  os vius flagklu ij cSBrs gSaA    ([k)  vki vk x,A    (x)  dYiuk nlksa fn'kkvksa esa tk ldrh gSA    (?k)  eSa crykrk gw\\u00a1A       (\\u00c4)  mldks vkius 'kki nsdj v\\\"VkoozQ cuk fn;kA    2-   leqPp;cks\\\/d ,sls vO;; 'kCn gSa tks nks ;k nks ls vf\\\/d 'kCnksa vkSj okD;ksa dks tksM+rs gSaA tSls\\u03bcfd]  vFkok] rFkk] vkSj] vr%] ysfdu] foaQrq] ijarq] D;ksafd vkfnA      mfpr leqPp;cks\\\/d 'kCn n~okjk okD; dh iwfrZ dhft,A      (d)  ckfj'k rs\\u201dk gks jgh Fkh               eSa ?kj ls ugha fudyhA (ysfdu] blfy,] rks)   ([k)  rqeus jes'k dks crk fn;k               og ijs'kku gksrkA (vxj] ;fn] ojuk)   (x)  dHkh oqQjlh ij               dHkh esjs flj ij vpkud vkfoHkwZr gksus yxsA (vkxs] vkSj] ijarq)   (?k)  ek\\u00a1 us [kkuk cuk;k               fdlh us [kk;k ughaA (rFkk] vFkok] ysfdu)   (\\u00c4)  fdlh us lp dgk gS               lnk lp dh jkg ij pyksA (fd] rks] fiQj)   3-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,A      (d)     ojnku     \\u03bc                                                                            ([k)     lEeku     \\u03bc                                                                            (x)     izrh{kk     \\u03bc                                                                            (?k)     vuqefr     \\u03bc                                                                            (\\u00c4)     vk'khokZn     \\u03bc                                                                      \"","\" 96   4-  vk\\u00a1[k laca\\\/h mfpr eqgkojksa n~okjk okD;kas dks iwjk dhft,A      (d)  lqnkek dks n;uh; voLFkk esa ns[k \\u00d1\\\".k dh                                  A       (vk\\u00a1[ksa lwuh gks xb\\u00b1@vk\\u00a1[ksa Hkj vkb\\u00b1)      ([k)  ns[krs gh ns[krs fgju esjh                                  A       (vk\\u00a1[kksa ls vks>y gks x;k@vk\\u00a1[kksa esa \\\/wy >ksad nh)   (x)  vius csVs dks ns[kus osQ fy, cw<+s firk dh                                  A       (vk\\u00a1[ksa ue gks xb\\u00b1@vk\\u00a1[ksa rjl xb\\u00b1)   (?k)  cPps vius ekrk&firk dh                                  A       (vk\\u00a1[kksa dk rkjk gksrs gSa@vk\\u00a1[kksa dh fdjfdjh gksrs gSa)      (\\u00c4)  eSa rqEgsa igpku x;k gw\\u00a1A vc rqe esjh                                  A       (vk\\u00a1[kksa ls vk\\u00a1[ksa feyk jgs gks@vk\\u00a1[kksa esa \\\/wy >ksad jgs gks)   5-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,A       ijkftr   \\u03bc                        ;ksX;       \\u03bc                             'kqn~\\\/        \\u03bc                            fufoZdkj   \\u03bc                        iafMr       \\u03bc                             vfHkeku        \\u03bc                            ojnku   \\u03bc                        mnkRr       \\u03bc                             oqQfVyrk        \\u03bc                        6-  funsZ'kkuqlkj   mRrj  nhft,A      (d)  egkjkt] iafMr] banz] ckyd (fyax cnfy,A)                                                                                    ([k)  ^mifLFkr* vkSj ^fouezrk* (milxZ crkb,A)                                                                                 (x)  vuqefr] izfrHkk (o.kZ&foPNsn dhft,A)                                                                                 (?k)  vfXu] vf{k] ekl (rn~Hko 'kCn crkb,A)                                                                                    (\\u00c4)  onu] bnz] vMk] ifMr] lrks\\\"k] Nn (mfpr LFkku ij vuqLokj yxkb,)                                                                                    (p)  lkr] ukS] nl (fo'ks\\\"k.k dk Hksn fyf[k,A)                                                                                  7-  funsZ'kkuqlkj okD;ksa dks ifjofrZr dhft,A      (d)  mldk 'kjhj vkB LFkkuksa ls Vs<+k gSA (iz'uokpd esa cnfy,)                                                                              \"","\" 97      ([k)  egkjkt! eq>s ns[kdj vkidh lHkk osQ lHkh iafMr g\\u00a1l jgs gSaA (udkjkRed okD; esa cnfy,)   (x)  mldk vieku ugha gksuk pkfg,A (foLe;kfncks\\\/d okD; esa cnfy,)   8-  jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ mfpr dkjd Nk\\u00a1Vdj ( \\uf0fc ) dk fu'kku yxkb,A      (d)  os lHkh ijkftr gksus ij  unh eas  Mqcks fn, x,A     vf\\\/dj.k   dj.k   lacks\\\/u      ([k)     jktiafMr     oanu      feJ ls  'kkL=kkFkZ djus dh vuqefr pkgrk gSA  viknku   dj.k   deZ   (x)  fiQj Hkh og 'kkL=kkFkZ djus  osQ fy,  gB djrk gSA     deZ   viknku   laiznku      (?k)     iafMrjkt      oanu dk  mRrj Bhd ugha gSA  laca\\\/   viknku   dj.k      (\\u00c4)  ;fn ,slh ckr gS rks  lkrksa iafMrksa dks  ysdj vkvksA  drkZ   deZ   dj.k oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Social, Creative and Writing Skills   1-  v\\\"VkoozQ dh rjg ,sls cgqr ls ckyd gq, gSa ftudk uke bfrgkl esa vej gSA tSls\\u03bc\\\/qzo] izg~ykn vkfnA  muosQ ckjs esa baVjusV ls tkudkjh izkIr djosQ ifj;kstuk rS;kj dhft,A   2-  viuh ckr ij n`<+ jgus okyk O;fDr eaf\\u201dky dks izkIr djrk gS\\u03bcbfrgkl osQ ,sls gh ik=kksa dh thofu;k\\u00a1  if<+, ftuosQ lkgl osQ vkxs 'kkjhfjd v{kerk Hkh >qd xbZA   3-  bl ukVd dks dgkuh osQ :i esa fyf[k,A   4-  ,d i=k ;k bZ&esy osQ ek\\u00e8;e ls vius fe=k dks le>kb, fd thou dh dfBukb;ksa ls dHkh ?kcjkuk ugha  pkfg,A   5-  bl ukVd dks vius fon~;ky; osQ eap ij izLrqr dhft,A   6-  ukVd izLrqfr ls iwoZ dh mn~?kks\\\"k.kk fyf[k,A ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  'kkjhfjd :i ls v{ke O;fDr dk migkl D;ksa ugh mM+kuk pkfg,\\\\   2-  gekjs thou eas ifjJe dk D;k LFkku gS\\\\   3-  y{; dh izkfIr osQ fy, v\\u00e8;;u ,oa vH;kl dh fdruh \\u201dk:jr iM+rh gS\\\\\"","\" 98 lqfu, vkSj crkb,A   Listening Skills lM+d ij lko\\\/kuh   1-  \\u00e8;ku ls lqudj lgh mRrj pqfu,A      (d)  cSx idM+s gq, nks cPpksa okyk cksMZ dgk\\u00a1 yxk gksrk gS\\\\  fon~;ky;   ?kj   vLirky      ([k)  nqifg;k okgu ij cSBus okyh efgyk dks D;k iguuk gksxk\\\\  gsyesV   tSosQV   p'ek   (x)  euh\\\"k osQ ikik us yky cRrh ij dkj dgk\\u00a1 jksdh\\\\  \\u201dksczk ozQflax osQ mQij   \\u201dksczk ozQkflax ls igys   \\u201dksczk ozQflax osQ ckn   (?k)  lM+d osQ fu;eksa esa gkWuZ u ctkus dk fpg~u dgk\\u00a1 ij fn;k x;k Fkk\\\\  vLirky osQ vkxs   fon~;ky; osQ vkxs   ?kj osQ vkxs      (\\u00c4)  lM+d osQ fu;eksa esa ygj fpg~u dk ikik us D;k eryc crk;k\\\\  rs\\u201dk xfr   ikuh   LihM czsdj   2-  \\u00e8;ku ls lqfu, vkSj lgh ( \\uf050 ) ;k xyr ( \\u00d7 ) dk fu'kku yxkb,A      (d)  euh\\\"k vius nknkth osQ lkFk fon~;ky; tk jgk FkkA       ([k)  yky cRrh ij pyrs gSa vkSj gjh cRrh ij #drs gSaA    (x)  lM+d fu;eksa osQ fpg~u gesa nq?kZVuk ls cpkrs gSaA    (?k)  xfr vojks\\\/d dks gh ^LihM czsdj* dgrs gSaA       (\\u00c4)  vLirky osQ ckgj cSx mBk, gq, nks cPpksa dk cksMZ yxk FkkA    3-  fuEufyf[kr rkfydk esa lM+d&fu;e laca\\\/h fpg~u fn[kk, x, gSaA muosQ lgh uke nwljh rkfydk ls pqudj  fyf[k,A xfr vojks\\\/d  fon~;ky; {ks=k  gkWuZ u ctkvks  VS\\u00aafiQd flXuy  okgu [kM+k u djsa                                                                                                                                  \"","\" 99 (lqizfln~\\\/ ysf[kdk egknsoh oekZ n~okjk fyf[kr ;g laLej.k muosQ i'kq if{k;ksa osQ izfr izse o lsok dh Hkkouk dks  O;Dr djrk gSA uhyoaQB] jk\\\/k vkSj oqQCtk ik=k osQ ek\\u00e8;e ls ysf[kdk us buosQ izse] bZ\\\";kZ o tyu dh Hkkouk dks  lkdkj :i ns fn;k gSA jk\\\/k dk fojg eu dks tgk\\u00a1 mn~osfyr djrk gS ogha oqQCtk n~okjk uhyoaQB dh izrkM+uk \\u00e2n;  esa vthc Vhl mRiUu djrh gSA) ml fnu ,d vfrfFk dks LVs'ku igq\\u00a1pkdj eSa ykSV jgh Fkh fd fpfM+;ksa vkSj [kjxks'kksa dh nqdku dk  \\u00e8;ku vk x;k vkSj eSaus M\\u00aakboj dks mlh vksj pyus dk vkns'k fn;kA cM+s fe;k\\u00a1 fpfM+;kokys us nqdku osQ fudV igq\\u00a1prs gh lM+d ij vkdj M\\u00aakboj dks #dus dk laosQr  fn;kA esjs dksbZ iz'u djus osQ igys gh mUgksaus dguk vkjaHk fd;k\\u03bc\\u00b6lyke xq#th! fiNyh ckj vkus  ij vkius eksj osQ cPpksa osQ fy, iwNk FkkA 'kadjx<+ ls ,d fpM+hekj nks eksj osQ cPps idM+ yk;k  gS] ,d eksj gS] ,d eksjuhA vki iky ysaA eksj osQ iatksa ls nok curh gS] lks ,sls gh yksx [kjhnus  vk, FksA vkf[kj esjs lhus esa Hkh rks bulku dk fny gSA ekjus osQ fy, ,slh eklwe fpfM+;ksa dks oSQls  nw\\u00a1! Vkyus osQ fy, eSaus dg fn;k\\u03bc^xq#th us e\\u00a1xok, gSaA* oSls ;g dec[r jks\\u201dkxkj gh [kjkc gSA  cl] idM+ks&idM+ks] ekjks&ekjksA \\u0327 cM+s fe;k\\u00a1 osQ Hkk\\\"k.k dh rwI + kQkuesy osQ fy, dksbZ fuf'pr LVs'ku ugha gSA lquusokyk Fkddj tgk\\u00a1  jksd ns ogha LVs'ku eku fy;k tkrk gSA bl rF; ls ifjfpr gksus osQ dkj.k gh eSaus chp esa mUgsa  jksddj iwNk\\u03bc\\u00b6eksj osQ cPps gSa dgk\\u00a1\\\\ \\u0327 cM+s fe;k\\u00a1 osQ gkFk osQ laosQr dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, esjh  n`f\\\"V ,d rkj osQ NksVs&ls fiatjs rd igq\\u00a1ph ftlesa rhrjksa osQ leku nks cPps cSBs FksA fiatjk bruk  ladh.kZ Fkk fd os i{kh&'kkod tkyh osQ xksy izsQe esa fdlh tM+s fp=k tSls yx jgs FksA esjs  fujh{k.k  osQ  lkFk&lkFk  cM+s  fe;k\\u00a1  dh  Hkk\\\"k.k&esy  pyh  tk  jgh  Fkh]  \\u00b6bZeku  dle]   xq#th\\u03bcfpM+hekj us eq>ls bl eksj osQ tksM+s osQ udn rhl #i, fy, gSaA ckjg dgk] HkbZ \\u201dkjk lksp  rks] vHkh buesa eksj dh dksbZ [kkfl;r Hkh gS fd rw bruh cM+h dher ek\\u00a1xus pyk! ij og ew\\u00a1th  D;ksa lquus yxkA vkidk [;ky djosQ vNrk&iNrkdj nsuk gh iM+kA vc vki tks equkflc le>saA \\u0327  vLrq] rhl fpM+hekj osQ uke osQ vkSj ik\\u00a1p cM+s fe;k\\u00a1 osQ bZeku osQ nsdj tc eSaus og NksVk fiatjk  dkj esa j[kk rc ekuks og tkyh osQ pkS[kVs dk fp=k thfor gks x;kA nksuksa i{kh&'kkodksa osQ NViVkus  ls yxrk Fkk ekuks fiatjk gh ltho vkSj mM+us ;ksX; gks x;k gSA ?kj igq\\u00a1pus ij lc dgus yxs\\u03bc\\u00b6rhrj gSa] eksj dgdj Bx fy;k gSA \\u0327 dnkfpr vusd ckj Bxs tkus osQ dkj.k gh Bxs tkus dh ckr esjs fp<+ tkus dh nqcZyrk cu xbZ  gSA vizlUu gksdj eSaus dgk\\u03bc\\u00b6eksj osQ D;k lq[kkZc osQ ij yxs gSaA gS rks i{kh ghA \\u0327 fp<+k fn, tkus  uhydaB 12\"","\" 100 osQ dkj.k gh laHkor% mu nksuksa if{k;ksa osQ izfr esjs O;ogkj vkSj ;Ru esa oqQN fo'ks\\\"krk vk xbZA igys vius i<+us&fy[kus osQ dejs esa mudk fiatjk j[kdj mldk njok\\u201dkk [kksyk] fiQj nks dVksjksa  esa lRrw dh NksVh&NksVh xksfy;k\\u00a1 vkSj ikuh j[kkA os nksuksa pwgsnkuh tSls fiatjs ls fudydj dejs  esa ekuks [kks x,] dHkh es\\u201dk osQ uhps ?kql x,] dHkh vyekjh osQ ihNsA var esa bl yqdk&fNih ls  Fkddj mUgksaus esjs jn~nh dkx\\u201dkksa dh Vksdjh dks vius u, clsjs dk xkSjo iznku fd;kA nks&pkj fnu  os blh izdkj fnu esa b\\\/j&m\\\/j xqIrokl djrs vkSj jkr esa jn~nh dh Vksdjh esa izdV gksrs jgsA fiQj  vk'oLr gks tkus ij dHkh esjh es\\u201dk ij] dHkh oqQjlh ij vkSj dHkh esjs flj ij vpkud vkfoHkwZr  gksus yxsA f[kM+fd;ksa esa rks tkyh yxh Fkh] ij njok\\u201dkk eq>s fujarj can j[kuk iM+rk FkkA [kqyk jgus  ij fp=kk (esjh fcYyh) bu uokxarqdksa dk irk yxk ldrh Fkh vkSj rc mlosQ 'kks\\\/ dk ifj.kke  gksrk] ;g vuqeku djuk dfBu ugha gSA oSls og pwgksa ij Hkh vkozQe.k ugha djrh] ijarq ;gk\\u00a1 rks nks  loZFkk vifjfpr if{k;ksa dh vuf\\\/dkj ps\\\"Vk dk iz'u FkkA mlosQ fy, njok\\u201dkk can jgs vkSj ;s nksuksa  (mldh n`f\\\"V esa) ,sjs&xSjs esjh es\\u201dk dks viuk flagklu cuk ysa] ;g fLFkfr fp=kk tSlh vfHkekfuuh  ektkZjh osQ fy, vlg~; gh dgh tk,xhA tc esjs dejs dk dk;kdYi fpfM+;k[kkus  osQ :i esa gksus yxk] rc eSaus cM+h dfBukbZ  ls  nksuksa  fpfM+;ksa  dks  idM+dj  tkyh  osQ   cM+s ?kj esa igq\\u00a1pk;k tks esjs tho&tarqvksa dk  lkekU; fuokl gSA nksuksa uokxarqdksa us igys ls jgusokyksa  esa oSlk gh dkSrwgy txk;k tSlk uoo\\\/w  osQ  vkxeu  ij  ifjokj  esa  LokHkkfod   gSA yDdk dcwrj ukpuk NksM+dj nkSM+  iM+s vkSj muosQ pkjksa vksj ?kwe&?kwedj  xqVjxw\\u00a1&xqVjxw\\u00a1 dh jkfxuh vykius yxsA  cM+s [kjxks'k lH; lHkklnksa osQ leku  ozQe  ls  cSBdj  xaHkhj  Hkko  ls  mudk   fujh{k.k djus yxsA mQu dh xsan tSls  NksVs [kjxks'k muosQ pkjksa vksj mNy&owQn  epkus  yxsA  rksrs  ekuks  Hkyh&Hkk\\u00a1fr  ns[kus  osQ   fy, ,d vk\\u00a1[k can djosQ mudk ijh{k.k djus yxsA ml fnu esjs fpfM+;k?kj esa ekuksa Hkwpky vk x;kA \\\/hjs&\\\/hjs nksuksa eksj osQ cPps c<+us yxsA mudk dk;kdYi oSlk gh ozQe'k% vkSj jaxe; Fkk tSlk  bYyh ls frryh dk cuukA\"","\" 101 eksj osQ flj dh dyxh vkSj l?ku] m\\u00a1Qph rFkk pedhyh gks xbZA pksap vf\\\/d cafde vkSj iSuh  gks xbZ] xksy vk\\u00a1[kksa esa banzuhy dh uhykHk n~;qfr >ydus yxhA yach uhy&gfjr xzhok dh gj Hkafxek  esa \\\/wiNk\\u00a1gh rjaxsa mBus&fxjus yxhaA nf{k.k&oke nksuksa ia[kksa esa lysVh vkSj lI + ksQn vkys[ku Li\\\"V gksus  yxsA iw\\u00a1N yach gqbZ vkSj muosQ ia[kksa ij pafnzdkvksa osQ banz\\\/uq\\\"kh jax mn~nhIr gks mBsA jax&jfgr iSjksa  dks xohZyh xfr us ,d ubZ xfjek ls jaftr dj fn;kA mldk xjnu m\\u00a1Qph dj ns[kuk] fo'ks\\\"k Hkafxek  osQ lkFk mls uhph dj nkuk pqxuk] ikuh ihuk] Vs<+h dj 'kCn lquuk vkfn fozQ;kvksa esa tks lqoqQekjrk  vkSj lkSan;Z Fkk] mldk vuqHko ns[kdj gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA xfr dk fp=k ugha vk\\u00a1dk tk ldrkA eksjuh dk fodkl eksj osQ leku peRdkfjd rks ugha gqvk] ijarq viuh yach \\\/wiNk\\u00a1gh xjnu]  gok esa papy dyxh] ia[kksa dh ';ke&'osr i=kys[kk] eaFkj xfr vkfn ls og Hkh eksj dh mi;qDr  lgpkfj.kh gksus dk izek.k nsus yxhA uhykHk xzhok osQ dkj.k eksj dk uke j[kk x;k ^uhyoaQB* vkSj mldh Nk;k osQ leku jgus osQ  dkj.k eksjuh dk ukedj.k gqvk ^jk\\\/k*A eq>s Lo;a Kkr ugha fd dc uhyoaQB us vius vkidks fpfM+;k?kj osQ fuoklh tho&tarqvksa dk  lsukifr vkSj laj{kd fu;qDr dj fy;kA losjs gh og lc [kjxks'k] dcwrj vkfn dh lsuk ,d=k dj  ml vksj ys tkrk tgk\\u00a1 nkuk fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ?kwe&?kwedj ekuks lcdh j[kokyh djrk jgrkA fdlh  us oqQN xM+cM+ dh vkSj og vius rh[ks papq&izgkj ls mls naM nsus nkSM+ iM+rkA [kjxks'k osQ NksVs cPpksa dks og pksap ls muosQ dku idM+dj mQij mBk ysrk Fkk vkSj tc rd  os vkrZozaQnu u djus yxrs mUgsa v\\\/j esa yVdk, j[krkA dHkh&dHkh mldh iSuh pksap ls [kjxks'k  osQ cPpksa dk d.kZos\\\/ laLdkj gks tkrk Fkk] ij os fiQj dHkh mls ozQksf\\\/r gksus dk volj u nsrs FksA  naMfo\\\/ku osQ leku gh mu tho&tarqvksa osQ izfr mldk izse Hkh vlk\\\/kj.k FkkA izk;% og feV~Vh esa  ia[k iSQykdj cSB tkrk vkSj os lc mldh yach iw\\u00a1N vkSj l?ku ia[kksa esa Nqvk&NqvkSvy tSlk [ksy  [ksyrs jgrs FksA\"","\" 102 ,slh gh fdlh fLFkfr esa ,d lk\\u00a1i tkyh  osQ Hkhrj igq\\u00a1p x;kA lc tho&tarq Hkkxdj  b\\\/j&m\\\/j fNi x,] osQoy ,d f'k'kq [kjxks'k  lk\\u00a1i dh idM+ esa vk x;kA fuxyus osQ iz;kl  esa  lk\\u00a1i  us  mldk  vk\\\/k  fiNyk  'kjhj  rks   eq\\u00a1g esa nck j[kk Fkk] 'ks\\\"k vk\\\/k tks ckgj  Fkk]  mlls  pha&pha  dk  Loj  Hkh  bruk  rhoz   ugha fudy ldrk Fkk fd fdlh dks Li\\\"V  lqukbZ ns losQA uhyoaQB nwj mQij >wys esa lks  jgk FkkA mlh osQ pkSdUus dkuksa us ml ean  Loj dh O;Fkk igpkuh vkSj og iw\\u00a1N&ia[k  lesVdj lj ls ,d >iV~Vs esa uhps vk x;kA  laHkor%  viuh  lgt  psruk  ls  gh  mlus   le> fy;k gksxk fd lk\\u00a1i osQ iQu ij pksap  ekjus ls [kjxks'k Hkh ?kk;y gks ldrk gSA mlus lk\\u00a1i dks iQu osQ ikl iatksa ls nck;k vkSj fiQj pksap ls brus izgkj fd, fd og v\\\/ejk  gks x;kA idM+ <hyh iM+rs gh [kjxks'k dk cPpk eq[k ls fudy rks vk;k] ijarq fu'ps\\\"V&lk ogha  iM+k jgkA jk\\\/k us lgk;rk nsus dh vko';drk ugha le>h] ijarq viuh ean osQdk ls fdlh vlkekU; ?kVuk  dh lwpuk lc vksj izlkfjr dj nhA ekyh igq\\u00a1pk] fiQj ge lc igq\\u00a1psA uhyoaQB tc lk\\u00a1i osQ nks  [kaM dj pqdk] rc ml f'k'kq [kjxks'k osQ ikl x;k vkSj jkr&Hkj mls ia[kksa osQ uhps j[kdj m\\\".krk  nsrk jgkA dkfrZosQ; us vius ;qn~\\\/&okgu osQ fy, e;wj dks D;ksa pquk gksxk] ;g ml i{kh dk :i  vkSj LoHkko ns[kdj le> esa vk tkrk gSA e;wj dykfiz; ohj i{kh gS] fgald ek=k ughaA blh ls mls ck\\u201dk] phy vkfn dh Js.kh esa ugha  j[kk tk ldrk] ftudk thou gh ozwQj deZ gSA uhyoaQB esa mldh tkfrxr fo'ks\\\"krk,\\u00a1 rks Fkha gh] mudk ekuohdj.k Hkh gks x;k FkkA es?kksa dh  lk\\u00a1oyh Nk;k esa vius banz\\\/uq\\\"k osQ xqPNs tSls ia[kksa dks eaMykdkj cukdj tc og ukprk Fkk] rc ml  u`R; esa ,d lgtkr y;&rky jgrk FkkA vkxs&ihNs] nkfgus&ck,\\u00a1 ozQe ls ?kwedj og fdlh vy{;  le ij Bgj&Bgj tkrk FkkA jk\\\/k uhyoaQB osQ leku ugha ukp ldrh Fkh] ijarq mldh xfr esa Hkh ,d Nan jgrk FkkA og  u`R;eXu uhyoaQB dh nkfguh vksj osQ ia[k dks Nwrh gqbZ ckb\\u00b1 vksj fudy vkrh Fkh vkSj ck,\\u00a1 ia[k  dks Li'kZ dj nkfguh vksjA bl izdkj mldh ifjozQek esa Hkh ,d iwjd rky&ifjp; feyrk FkkA \"","\" 103 uhyoaQB us oSQls le> fy;k fd mldk u`R; eq>s cgqr Hkkrk gS] ;g rks ugha crk;k tk ldrk] ijarq  vpkud ,d fnu og esjs tkyh?kj osQ ikl igq\\u00a1prs gh vius >wys ls mrjdj uhps vk x;k vkSj ia[kksa  dk lrjaxh eaMykdkj Nkrk rkudj u`R; dh Hkafxek esa [kM+k gks x;kA rc ls ;g u`R;&Hkafxek fuR;  dk ozQe cu xbZA izk;% esjs lkFk dksbZ&u&dksbZ ns'kh&fons'kh vfrfFk Hkh igq\\u00a1p tkrk Fkk vkSj uhyoaQB  dh eqnzk dks vius izfr lEekuiwoZd le>dj foLe;kfoHkwr gks mBrk FkkA dbZ fons'kh efgykvksa us  mls ^ijI + kSQDV tsafVyeSu* dh mikf\\\/ ns MkyhA ftl uqdhyh iSuh pksap ls og Hk;adj fo\\\"k\\\/j dks  [kaM&[kaM dj ldrk Fkk] mlh ls esjh gFksyh ij j[ks gq, Hkqus pus ,slh dkseyrk ls gkSys&gkSys  mBkdj [kkrk Fkk fd g\\u00a1lh Hkh vkrh Fkh vkSj foLe; Hkh gksrk FkkA iQyksa osQ o`{kksa ls vf\\\/d mls  iqf\\\"ir vkSj iYyfor o`{k Hkkrs FksA olar esa tc vke osQ o`{k lqugyh eatfj;ksa ls yn tkrs Fks] v'kksd u, yky iYyoksa ls <\\u00a1d  tkrk Fkk] rc tkyh?kj esa og bruk vfLFkj gks mBrk fd mls ckgj NksM+ nsuk iM+rkA uhyoaQB vkSj jk\\\/k dh lcls fiz; \\u00cdrq rks o\\\"kkZ gh FkhA es?kksa osQ meM+ vkus ls igys gh os gok  esa mldh lty vkgV ik ysrs Fks vkSj rc mudh ean osQdk dh xw\\u00a1t&vuqxw\\u00a1t rhoz ls rhozrj gksrh  gqbZ ekuksa cw\\u00a1nksa osQ mrjus osQ fy, lksiku&iafDr cuus yxrh FkhA es?k osQ xtZu osQ rky ij gh mlosQ  rUe; u`R; dk vkjaHk gksrkA vkSj fiQj es?k ftruk vf\\\/d xjtrk] fctyh ftruh vf\\\/d pedrh]  cw\\u00a1nksa dh fjef>ekgV ftruh rhoz gksrh tkrh] uhyoaQB osQ u`R; dk osx mruk gh vf\\\/d c<+rk tkrk  vkSj mldh osQdk dk Loj mruk gh eanz ls eanzrj gksrk tkrkA o\\\"kkZ osQ Fke tkus ij og nkfgus iats  ij nkfguk ia[k vkSj ck,\\u00a1 ij ck;k\\u00a1 ia[k iSQykdj lq[kkrkA dHkh&dHkh os nksuksa ,d&nwljs osQ ia[kksa ls  Vidusokyh cw\\u00a1nksa dks pksap ls ih&ihdj ia[kksa dk xhykiu nwj djrs jgrsA bl vkuanksRlo dh jkfxuh  esa csesy Loj oSQls ct mBk] ;g Hkh ,d d#.k dFkk gSA ,d fnu eq>s fdlh dk;Z ls u[kkldksus ls fudyuk iM+k vkSj cM+s fe;k\\u00a1 us igys osQ leku  dkj dks jksd fy;kA bl ckj fdlh fiatjs dh vksj ugha ns[kw\\u00a1xh] ;g ladYi djosQ eSaus cM+s fe;k\\u00a1  dh fojy nk<+h vkSj lI + ksQn Mksjs ls dku esa c\\u00a1\\\/h ,sud dks gh vius \\u00e8;ku dk osaQnz cuk;kA ij cM+s  fe;k\\u00a1 osQ iSjksa osQ ikl tks eksjuh iM+h Fkh mls vuns[kk djuk dfBu FkkA eksjuh jk\\\/k osQ leku gh  FkhA mlosQ ew\\u00a1t ls c\\u00a1\\\/s nksuksa iatksa dh m\\u00a1xfy;k\\u00a1 VwVdj bl izdkj ,df=kr gks xbZ Fkha fd og [kM+h  gh ugha gks ldrh FkhA cM+s fe;k\\u00a1 dh Hkk\\\"k.k&esy fiQj nkSM+us yxh&\\u00b6nsf[k, xq#th] dec[r fpM+hekj us cspkjh dk D;k  gky fd;k gSA ,sls dHkh fpfM+;k idM+h tkrh gS! vki u vkbZ gksrha rks eSa mlh osQ flj ij bls  iVd nsrkA ij vkils Hkh ;g v\\\/ejh eksjuh ys tkus dks oSQls dg\\u00a1w! \\u0327 lkjka'k ;g fd lkr #i, nsdj eSa mls vxyh lhV ij j[kokdj ?kj ys vkbZ vkSj ,d ckj fiQj  esjs i<+us&fy[kus dk dejk vLirky cukA iatksa dh ejge iV~Vh vkSj ns[kHkky djus ij og eghusHkj  esa vPNh gks xbZA m\\u00a1xfy;k\\u00a1 oSlh gh Vs<+h&es<+h jgha] ijarq og Bw\\u00a1B tSls iatksa ij Mxexkrh gqbZ pyus \"","\" 104 yxhA rc mls tkyh?kj esa igq\\u00a1pk;k x;k vkSj uke j[kk x;k\\u03bc^oqQCtk*A uke osQ vuq:i og LoHkko ls  Hkh oqQCtk gh izekf.kr gqbZA vc rd uhyoaQB vkSj jk\\\/k lkFk jgrs FksA vc oqQCtk mUgsa lkFk ns[krs  gh ekjus nkSM+rhA pksap ls ekj&ekjdj mlus jk\\\/k dh dyxh uksp Mkyh] ia[k uksp MkysA dfBukbZ  ;g Fkh fd uhyoaQB mlls nwj Hkkxrk Fkk vkSj og mlosQ lkFk jguk pkgrh FkhA u fdlh tho&tarq  ls mldh fe=krk Fkh] u og fdlh dks uhyoaQB osQ lehi vkus nsuk pkgrh FkhA mlh chp jk\\\/k us  nks vaMs fn,] ftudks og ia[kksa esa fNik, cSBh jgrh FkhA irk pyrs gh oqQCtk us pksap ekj&ekjdj  jk\\\/k dks <osQy fn;k vkSj fiQj vaMs iQksM+dj Bw\\u00a1B tSls iSjksa ls lc vksj fNrjk fn,A bl dyg&dksykgy ls vkSj mlls Hkh vf\\\/d jk\\\/k dh nwjh ls cspkjs uhyoaQB dh izlUurk dk  var gks x;kA dbZ ckj og tkyh osQ ?kj ls fudy HkkxkA ,d ckj dbZ fnu Hkw[kk&I;klk vke dh 'kk[kkvksa esa  fNik cSBk jgk] tgk\\u00a1 ls cgqr iqpdkjdj eSaus mrkjkA ,d ckj esjh f[kM+dh osQ 'ksM ij fNik jgkA esjs nkuk nsus tkus ij og lnk dh Hkk\\u00a1fr ia[kksa dks eaMykdkj cukdj [kM+k gks tkrk Fkk] ij mldh  pky esa FkdkoV vkSj vk\\u00a1[kksa esa ,d 'kwU;rk jgrh FkhA viuh vuqHkoghurk osQ dkj.k gh eSa vk'kk  djrh jgh fd FkksM+s fnu ckn lcesa esy gks tk,xkA var esa rhu&pkj ekl osQ mijkar ,d fnu losjs  tkdj ns[kk fd uhyoaQB iw\\u00a1N&ia[k iSQyk, \\\/jrh ij mlh izdkj cSBk gqvk gS] tSls [kjxks'k osQ cPpksa  dks ia[kksa esa fNikdj cSBrk FkkA esjs iqdkjus ij Hkh mlosQ u mBus ij lansg gqvkA okLro esa uhyoaQB ej x;k FkkA ^D;ksa* dk mRrj rks vc rd ugha fey ldk gSA u mls dksbZ  chekjh gqbZ] u mlosQ jax&fcjaxs iwQyksa osQ Lrcd tSls 'kjhj ij fdlh pksV dk fpg~u feykA eSa vius  'kky esa yisVdj mls laxe ys xbZA tc xaxk dh chp \\\/kj esa mls izokfgr fd;k x;k] rc mlosQ ia[kksa  dh pafnzdkvksa ls fcafcr&izfrfcafcr gksdj xaxk dk pkSM+k ikV ,d fo'kky e;wj osQ leku rjafxr gks  mBkA uhyoaQB osQ u jgus ij jk\\\/k rks fu'ps\\\"V&lh dbZ fnu dksus esa cSBh jghA og dbZ ckj Hkkxdj  ykSV vk;k Fkk] vr% og izrh{kk osQ Hkko ls n~okj ij n`f\\\"V yxk, jgrh FkhA ij oqQCtk us dksykgy  osQ lkFk [kkst&<w\\u00a1<+ vkjaHk dhA [kkst osQ ozQe esa og izk;% tkyh dk njok\\u201dkk [kqyrs gh ckgj fudy  vkrh Fkh vkSj vke] v'kksd] dpukj vkfn dh 'kk[kkvksa esa uhyoaQB dks <w\\u00a1<+rh jgrh FkhA ,d fnu  vke osQ isM+ ls mrjh gh Fkh fd dtyh (vYlsf'k;u oqQRrh) lkeus iM+ xbZA LoHkko osQ vuqlkj  mlus dtyh ij Hkh pksap ls izgkj fd;kA ifj.kker% dtyh osQ nks nk\\u00a1r mldh xjnu ij yx x,A  bl ckj mldk dyg&dksykgy vkSj n~os\\\"k&izse Hkjk thou cpk;k u tk ldkA ijarq bu rhu if{k;ksa  us eq>s i{kh&izo`Qfr dh fofHkUurk dk tks ifjp; fn;k gS] og esjs fy, fo'ks\\\"k egRo j[krk gSA jk\\\/k vc izrh{kk esa gh nqosQyh gSA vk\\\"kk<+ esa tc vkdk'k es?kkPNUu gks tkrk gS] rc og dHkh  m\\u00a1Qps >wys ij vkSj dHkh v'kksd dh Mky ij viuh osQdk dks rhozrj djosQ uhyoaQB dks cqykrh  jgrh gSA \\u03bcegknsoh oekZ \"","\" 105 ysf[kdk ifjp; %  egknsoh oekZ fganh lkfgR; osQ Nk;koknh ;qx osQ pkj izeq[k LraHkksa esa ls ,d gSaA budk tUe  26 ekpZ] 1907 esa iQjZQ[kkckn] mRrj izns'k esa gqvk FkkA bu ij cqn~\\\/ dk xgjk izHkko FkkA buosQ xhrksa esa osnuk  vkSj djQ.kk dh vfHkO;fDr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bUgksaus xn~; vkSj in~; nksuksa gh fo\\\/kvksa esa lkfgR; jpuk dh gSA budh  izeq[k jpuk,\\u00a1 gSa\\u03bcuhgkj] uhjtk] nhif'k[kk] ;kek (dkO; laxzg) vrhr osQ pyfp=k] Le`fr dh js[kk,\\u00a1] iFk osQ lkFkh  vkfnA 11 flracj] 1987 esa budh e`R;q gbZA u, 'kCn laosQr  \\u03bc b'kkjk  vkys[ku    \\u03bc ys[ku f\\u00d8;k] fp=k vafdr djuk jks\\u201dkxkj  \\u03bc ukSdjh] O;olk;  pafnzdkvksa    \\u03bc eksj dh iw\\u00a1N ij xksy fpg~u ifjfpr     \\u03bc tkuk&igpkuk] ftlls   mn~nhIr  \\u03bc mRrsftr] c<+k gqvk] tkxk gqvk      ifjp; gks  laj{kd  \\u03bc j{kk djusokyk ladh.kZ     \\u03bc iryk] NksVk  papq&izgkj   \\u03bc pksap ls pksV djuk i{kh&'kkod \\u03bc i{kh dk cPpk  vkrZozaQnu    \\u03bc jksus dh vkok\\u201dk fujh{k.k    \\u03bc \\u00e8;ku ls ns[kuk  eaMykdkj   \\u03bc xksy vkdkj esa ew\\u00a1th  \\u03bc oaQtwl  foLe;kfoHkwr \\u03bc vR;f\\\/d gSjku vk'oLr    \\u03bc fuf'pr  iqf\\\"ir  \\u03bc f[kyuk vkfoHkwZr    \\u03bc izdV gksuk  iYyfor    \\u03bc iRrs fudyuk] fdlh ckr ;k uokxarqd   \\u03bc u;k esgeku       fo\\\"k; dk foLrkj djuk 'kks\\\/  \\u03bc [kkst  eatjh  \\u03bc dksaiy] [kkl ikS\\\/s osQ lhadksa ektkZjh  \\u03bc fcYyh       esa yxs cgqr ls nkuksa dk lewg dk;kdYi   \\u03bc :i cnyuk  'kwU;rk  \\u03bc [kkyhiu cafde  \\u03bc frjNh] Vs<+h  rjafxr  \\u03bc ftlesa ygjsa mB jgh gksa] fgyksjsa uhykHk  \\u03bc uhyh vkHkk ;qDr       ekjrk gqvk] mQij&uhps mBrk gqvk n~;qfr  \\u03bc ped  es?kkPNUu    \\u03bc cknyksa ls f?kjk Hkafxek     \\u03bc     eqnzk vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills fuf'pr     'kkod       equkflc       vkfoHkwZr       uokxarqd     vuf\\\/dkj     dkSrwgy uhykHk      n~;qfr        xohZyh        peRdkfjd      d.kZos\\\/       osQdk         LoHkko Hkafxek      iYyfor      vkuanksRlo      izekf.kr        dksykgy      rjafxr        es?kkPNUu\"","\" 106 ikB dh ckr   Comprehension Skills   1-  uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  ysf[kdk dks LVs'ku ls ykSVrs le; dkSu feyk\\\\   ([k)  ysf[kdk us eksj osQ tksM+s dks fdrus jQi;s esa [kjhnk\\\\   (x)  ysf[kdk us fdl vk\\\/kj ij eksj&eksjuh dk ukedj.k fd;k\\\\   (?k)  uhyoaQB us [kjxks'k dks fdlls cpk;k\\\\       fyf[kr     y?kq mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  ysf[kdk us eksj&eksjuh dks lcls igys dgk\\u00a1 j[kk Fkk\\\\   ([k)  jk\\\/k uhyoaQB osQ ukpus ij D;k djrh Fkh\\\\   (x)  oqQCtk dkSu Fkh\\\\   (?k)  o\\\"kkZ \\u00bdrq fdldh vkSj D;ksa fiz; \\u00bdrq Fkh\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  uhyoaQB osQ :i dk o.kZu ikB osQ vk\\\/kj ij fyf[k,A   ([k)  fiatjs esa vU; if{k;ksa us fdl izdkj eksj&eksjuh dk Lokxr fd;k\\\\   (x)  uhyoaQB us [kjxks'k dks lk\\u00a1i osQ pqaxy ls oSQls NqM+k;k\\\\   (?k)  ysf[kdk dks i{kh&iz\\u00d1fr dh fofHkUurk dk ifjp; fdl izdkj feyk\\\\      (\\u00c4)  oqQCtk dk O;ogkj lcls vyx D;ksa Fkk\\\\      (p)  oqQCtk dk var oSQls gqvk\\\\      (N)  vk'k; Li\\\"V dhft,A  ( i )  uke osQ vuq:i og LoHkko ls Hkh oqQCtk gh izekf.kr gqbZA  ( ii )  e;wj dykfiz; ohj i{kh gS] fgald ek=k ughaA       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  eksj 'kkodksa dks [kkus esa D;k fn;k x;k\\\\  lRrw dh xksfy;k\\u00a1   cktjs osQ nkus   jksVh osQ VqdM+s      ([k)  eksj osQ cPpksa osQ dk;kdYi dh rqyuk fdlls dh xbZ\\\\  bYyh   frryh   'kkod   (x)  eksj oSQlk i{kh gS\\\\  dykfiz;   fgald   ozwQj   (?k)  fp=kk dkSu Fkh\\\\  eksjuh   fcYyh   pwgk\"","\" 107   2-  ifBr xn~;ka'k dks i<+dj iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A      eq>s Lo;a Kkr ugha fd dc uhyoaQB us vius vkidks fpfM+;k?kj osQ fuoklh tho&tarqvksa dk lsukifr vkSj  laj{kd fu;qDr dj fy;kA losjs gh og lc [kjxks'k] dcwrj vkfn dh lsuk ,d=k dj ml vksj ys tkrk  tgk\\u00a1 nkuk fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ?kwe&?kwedj ekuks lcdh j[kokyh djrk jgrkA fdlh us oqQN xM+cM+ dh vkSj  og vius rh[ks papq&izgkj ls mls naM nsus nkSM+ iM+rkA   (d)  fpfM+;k?kj osQ tho&tarqvksa dk lsukifr dkSu Fkk\\\\      ([k)  uhyoaQB dc j[kokyh djrk Fkk\\\\   (x)  uhyoaQB fdl izdkj naM nsrk Fkk\\\\ oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-  if<+,  vkSj  lef>,A      dky dk vFkZ gS\\u03bcle;A fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls dk;Z osQ gksus dk le; irk pyrk gS] mls  dky  dgrs gSaA     dky osQ rhu Hksn gSa\\u03bc      (d)      Hkwrdky \\u03bcblesa chrs gq, le; dk cks\\\/ gksrk gSA      ([k)      orZeku dky \\u03bcblesa py jgs le; dk cks\\\/ gksrk gSA      (x)      Hkfo\\\";r~ dky \\u03bcblesa vkus okys le; dk cks\\\/ gksrk gSA      uhps fn, okD;ksa esa fozQ;kvksa osQ dky igpkudj fyf[k,A      (d)  ,d lk\\u00a1i tkyh osQ Hkhrj igq\\u00a1p x;kA                    ([k)  uhyoaQB nwj mQij >wys esa lks jgk FkkA    (x)  dbZ ckj og tkyh osQ ?kj ls fudy HkkxkA    (?k)  FkksM+s fnu ckn lcesa esy gks tk,xkA       (\\u00c4)  cM+s fe;k\\u00a1 dh Hkk\\\"k.k&esy fiQj nkSM+us yxhA    2-  uhps fn, okD;ksa esa ^fd* ;k ^dh* dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fjDr LFkku Hkfj,A      (d)  eSa ykSV jgh Fkh           fpfM+;ksa vkSj [kjxks'kksa           nqdku dk \\u00e8;ku vk x;kA      ([k)      buesa     eksj               dksbZ [kkfl;r Hkh gS           rw bruh cM+h dher ek\\u00a1xus pykA      (x)      nksuksa     iatksa               m\\u00a1xfy;k\\u00a1 VwVdj bl izdkj ,df=kr gks xbZ Fkha           og [kM+h gh ugha gks  ldrh FkhA   (?k)  mUgksaus esjh jn~nh dkx\\u201dkksa           Vksdjh dks vius u, clsjs dk xkSjo iznku fd;kA\"","\" 108   3-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa esa ewy'kCn vkSj izR;; vyx dhft,A           ewy'kCn       izR;;    ewy'kCn       izR;;       fons'kh    \\u03bc                                      fo\\\"k\\\/j            \\u03bc                                         tkyhnkj   \\u03bc                                      rhozrj            \\u03bc                                         tkfrxr   \\u03bc                                      eanzrj            \\u03bc                                         eaMykdkj   \\u03bc                                      vuqHkoghu            \\u03bc                                     4-  funsZ'kkuqlkj   mRrj  nhft,A      (d)  uhykHk n~;qfr >ydus yxhA (^uhykHk* 'kCn dk vFkZ fyf[k,A)                                                                ([k)  vfr izlUu gksukA (mfpr eqgkojk fyf[k,)                                                             (x)  iwr] jks\\\"k] tho] g\\\"kZ esa mfpr milxZ yxkb,A                                                                  (?k)  ^vuqdj.k djus okyk* vkSj ^ihNs pyus okyk* (buosQ fy, mi;qDr ,d 'kCn fyf[k,)                                  5-  lgh foykse 'kCn pqudj ( \\uf050 ) dk fu'kku yxkb,A      (d)     vkxeu     \\u03bc       cfgxeZu   xeu   iqujkxeu      ([k)     vkjaHk     \\u03bc       vkfn   lekfIr   var      (x)     ltho     \\u03bc       ijtho   thfor   futhZo      (?k)     vfLFkj     \\u03bc       fLFkj   fLFkfr   fLFkjrk      (\\u00c4)     ifjfpr     \\u03bc       vifjfpr   ifjpk;d   ifjppkZ      (p)     laj{kd     \\u03bc       lapkyd   lagkjd   lap;drkZ      (N)     dksykgy     \\u03bc       HkhM+HkkM+   v'kkar   'kkafr   6-  lgh fodYi pqudj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A      vkt m\\u00a1Qph&m\\u00a1Qph (1)   dh can f[kM+fd;ksa vkSj jks'kunkuksa us balku dks (2)   cuk  fn;k gSA mls (3)   osQ mM+rs iaNh can 'kh'kksa ls fn[kkbZ rks iM+rs gSa ysfdu mudh pgpgkgV]  muosQ ia[kksa dh (4)   u rks lqukbZ nsrh gS vkSj u if{k;ksa dks muosQ (5)   vkus  nsrh gSA      1-  (d) bekjrksa  ([k) edku  (x) ?kj      2-  (d) ykyph  ([k) oSQnh  (x) 'kDdh      3-  (d) ckgj  ([k) \\u201dkehu  (x) vkdk'k\"","\" 109      4-  (d) iQM+iQM+kgV  ([k) lulukgV  (x) vViVk      5-  (d) nwj  ([k) u\\u201dknhd  (x) vkxsz oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Speaking and Creative Skills   1-  oqQN nsoh&nsorkvksa osQ uke muosQ okgu lfgr fy[kdj ,d lwph rS;kj dhft,A   2-  vkiosQ \\u201dk:jh dkx\\u201dkksa dk cSx cl esa NwV x;k gSA ftls <w\\u00a1<+us osQ fy, lekpkj&i=k esa ,d foKkiu nhft,A   3-  eksj dks Hkkjr dk jk\\\"V\\u00aah; i{kh D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\\\\ bl fo\\\"k; ij ,d ys[k fyf[k, rFkk d{kk esa lqukb,A   4-  egknsoh oekZ osQ O;fDrRo vkSj \\u00d1frRo ij ,d ifj;kstuk rS;kj dhft,A   5-  fp=k ns[kdj mfpr feyku dhft,A izsepan egknsoh oekZ lqfe=kkuanu iar lqHknzkoqQekjh pkSgku ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  if{k;ksa dh iztkfr;ksa dks foyqIr gksus ls fdl izdkj cpk;k tk ldrk gS\\\\   2-  dgrs gSa fd if{k;ksa dks ekSle dk iwokZuqeku gks tkrk gSA D;k vkius dHkh ,slk vuqHko fd;k gS\\\\ \\u00b6{kek djuk lcls e\\\/qj izfr'kks\\\/ gSA \\u0327  \\u03bcblkd Ik + zQkbMeSUu \\u00b6dks;y fnO;k vkejl ihdj Hkh vfHkeku ugha djrh] ysfdu esa<d dhpM+ dk ikuh ihdj  Hkh VjkZus yxrk gSA \\u0327  \\u03bcjRukoyh izlax fo'ks\\\"k fcanq %  eqgkojs rFkk yksdksfDr nksuksa gh Hkk\\\"kk dks ljl rFkk izHkko'kkyh cukrs gSaA eqgkojk okD;ka'k gS mldk  Lora=k iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA mldk lnk ,d gh vFkZ gksrk gSA ;s 'kkfCnd vFkZ dks NksM+dj fo'ks\\\"k vFkZ vfHkO;Dr  djrs gSaA yksdksfDr yksd izpfyr dgkor gksrh gSA ;g ,d laiw.kZ okD; gksrh gS rFkk bldk iz;ksx Lora=k :i ls  fdlh ?kVuk fo'ks\\\"k ij fd;k tkrk gSA\"","\" (;g dfork lqHknzkoqQekjh pkSgku n~okjk fy[kh xbZ gSA bl dfork esa cpiu dh ;knksa o cky lqyHk papyrk dks  ljy o lgt :i ls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA dof;=kh Lo;a Hkh vius dks ckY;dky dh ml vcks\\\/ voLFkk osQ :i esa  ns[krh gSA) ckj&ckj vkrh gS eq>dks] e\\\/qj ;kn cpiu rsjhA x;k] ys x;k rw thou dh] lcls eLr [kq'kh esjhAA fpark&jfgr [ksyuk&[kkuk] og fiQjuk fuHkZ; LoPNanA oSQls Hkwyk tk ldrk gS] cpiu dk vrqfyr vkuan! m\\u00a1Qp&uhp dk Kku ugha Fkk NqvkNwr fdlus tkuh! cuh gqbZ Fkh ogk\\u00a1 >kasiM+h] vkSj phFkM+ksa esa jkuhAA fd, nw\\\/ osQ oqQYys eSaus] pwl v\\u00a1xwBk lq\\\/k fi;kA fdydkjh dYyksy epkdj] lwuk ?kj vkckn fd;kAA jksuk vkSj epy tkuk Hkh] D;k vkuan fn[kkrs Fks! cM+s&cM+s eksrh&ls vk\\u00a1lw] t;ekyk igukrs FksAA vk tk cpiu! ,d ckj fiQj] ns ns viuh fueZy 'kkafrA O;koqQy O;Fkk feVkusokyh] og viuh izk\\u00d1r foJkafrAA esjk u;k cpiu 13 110\"","\" og Hkksyh&lh e\\\/qj ljyrk] og I;kjk thou fu\\\"ikiA D;k vkdj fiQj feVk losQxk] rw esjs eu dk larki\\\\ eSa cpiu dks cqyk jgh Fkh cksy mBh fcfV;k esjhA uanu ou&lh iwQy mBh] ;g NksVh&lh oqQfV;k esjhAA ^ek\\u00a1 vks* dgdj cqyk jgh Fkh feV~Vh [kkdj vkbZ FkhA oqQN eq\\u00a1g esa oqQN fy, gkFk esa] eq>s f[kykus ykbZ FkhAA iqyd jgs Fks vax] n`xksa esa] dkSrwgy Fkk Nyd jgkA eq\\u00a1g ij Fkh vkg~ykn&ykfyek] fot;&xoZ Fkk >yd jgkAA eSaus iwNk] \\u00b6;g D;k ykbZ\\\\ \\u0327 cksy mBh og] \\u00b6ek\\u00a1] dkvks! \\u0327 gqvk iziqQfYyr \\u00e2n; [kq'kh ls] eSaus dgk&\\u00b6rqEgh [kkvksAA \\u0327 ik;k eSaus cpiu fiQj ls] cpiu csVh cu vk;kA mldh eatqy ewfrZ ns[kdj] eq>esa uothou vk;kAA eSa Hkh mlosQ lkFk [ksyrh] [kkrh gw\\u00a1] rqrykrh gw\\u00a1A feydj mlosQ lkFk Lo;a] eSa Hkh cPph cu tkrh gw\\u00a1AA ftls [kkstrh Fkh cjlksa ls] vc tkdj mldks ik;kA Hkkx x;k Fkk eq>s NksM+dj] og cpiu fiQj ls vk;kAA \\u03bclqHknzkoqQekjh pkSgku 111\"","\" 112 dfo ifjp; %  fganh dh lqizfln~\\\/ dof;=kh vkSj ysf[kdk lqHknzkoqQekjh pkSgku dk tUe 16 vxLr] 1904 esa  bykgkckn osQ fugkyiqj xk\\u00a1o esa gqvk FkkA cpiu ls gh bUgsa fganh osQ dkO; xzaFkksa ls fo'ks\\\"k yxko FkkA egkRek  xka\\\/h osQ vkanksyu dk buosQ thou ij xgjk izHkko iM+kA bUgksaus jk\\\"V\\u00aah; Lora=krk laxzke esa c<+&p<+dj Hkkx fy;kA  ^eqoqQy* vkSj ^f=k\\\/kjk* buosQ dkO;&laxzg gSa vkSj ^fc[kjs eksrh*] ^mUekfnuh*] ^lh\\\/s&lkns fp=k* dgkuh laxzgA ^>k\\u00a1lh  dh jkuh* budh cgqpfpZr jpuk gSA u, 'kCn fuHkZ;   \\u03bc fuMj] Hk;ghu  izk\\u00d1r    \\u03bc iz\\u00d1fr dk] iz\\u00d1fr ls mRiUu LoPNan  \\u03bc euekuk] fcuk fdlh Hk;] fopkj ;k ladksp osQ   foJkafr   \\u03bc vkjke] Fkdku vrqfyr \\u03bc vikj  larki    \\u03bc nq[k] dys'k phFkM+ksa  \\u03bc iQVs&iqjkus diM+s  n`xksa  \\u03bc u;u] us=k dYyksy \\u03bc \\u00d8hM+k  vkg~ykn  \\u03bc izlUurk fueZy  \\u03bc  lkI + kQ] LoPN  iziqQfYyr \\u03bc [kq'kh O;koqQy \\u03bc cspSu] ijs'kku  eatqy    \\u03bc lqanj] euksgj vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills fuHkZ;       LoPNan       dYyksy       fueZy         O;koqQy       izk\\u00d1r        foJkafr fu\\\"iki      vkg~ykn      ykfyek      iziqQfYyr      eatqy       uothou      dkSrwgy dfork dh ckr   Comprehension Skills   1-  uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  ^esjk u;k cpiu* dfork dh dof;=kh dkSu gSa\\\\   ([k)  dof;=kh dks ckj&ckj fdldh e\\\/qj ;kn vkrh gS\\\\   (x)  cpiu dk D;k Hkwyk ugha tk ldrk\\\\       fyf[kr      (d)  dof;=kh osQ vuqlkj cpiu esa dkSu t;ekyk igukrk Fkk\\\\   ([k)  csVh vius gkFk ls fdls D;k f[kykus ykbZ Fkh\\\\   (x)  cpiu dk vkuan D;ksa ugha Hkqyk;k tk ldrk\\\\   (?k)  NksVh&lh oqQfV;k uanu ou&lh D;ksa iwQy mBh\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  cpiu dks dof;=kh us ^fu\\\"iki* D;ksa dgk gS\\\\\"","\" 113      ([k)  dof;=kh csVh dh ckrksa dks lqudj D;ksa [kq'k gks xbZ\\\\   (x)  dfork esa O;Dr ek\\u00a1 vkSj csVh osQ izse Hkko dks vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A   (?k)  vk'k; Li\\\"V dhft,A  ( i )  m\\u00a1Qp&uhp dk Kku ugha Fkk NqvkNwr fdlus tkuh!  ( ii )  uanu ou&lh iwQy mBh] ;g NksVh&lh oqQfV;k esjhA       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  cpiu vius lkFk fdls ys x;k\\\\  ;knsa   eLr [kq'kh   f[kykSus      ([k)  cpiu dk thou oSQlk gksrk gS\\\\  eatqy   larki   fu\\\"iki   (x)  ^n`xksa esa* 'kCn dk D;k vFkZ gS\\\\  vk\\u00a1[kksa esa   dkuksa esa   iSjksa esa   2-  ifBr in~;ka'k dks i<+dj iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A ik;k eSaus cpiu fiQj ls] cpiu csVh cu vk;kA mldh eatqy ewfrZ ns[kdj] eq>esa uothou vk;kAA eSa Hkh mlosQ lkFk [ksyrh] [kkrh gw\\u00a1] rqrykrh gw\\u00a1A feydj mlosQ lkFk Lo;a] eSa Hkh cPph cu tkrh gw\\u00a1AA      (d)  dof;=kh us fdl :i esa D;k ik;k\\\\       ([k)  eatqy ewfrZ fdls dgk gS\\\\    (x)  bu iafDr;ksa esa vk, loZuke 'kCn crkb,A  oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-  laca\\\/cks\\\/d  okD; esa vk, laKk ;k loZuke dk laca\\\/ vU; 'kCnksa ls tksM+rs gSaA laca\\\/cks\\\/d 'kCn osQ vkxs  ijlxks\\u00b1 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls\\u03bc        \\u00d1\\\".k   jk\\\/k    osQ vkxs  ck\\u00a1lqjh ctkus yxsA          lqjs'k vkSj egs'k  osQ chp  xgjh nksLrh FkhA      uhps fn, okD;ksa esa laca\\\/cks\\\/d 'kCn Hkfj,A      (d)     jk?ko                    ?kj lwuk yxrk gSA      ([k)      unh                    o`{k yxs FksA      (x)      vkdk'k                    ns[kksA      (?k)      ?kj                    LowQy FkkA      (\\u00c4)      ek\\u00a1                    xfjek ck\\u201dkkj xbZA\"","\" 114   2-  if<+,  vkSj  lef>,A      yksdksfDr dk vFkZ gS\\u03bcyksd $ mfDrA vFkkZr~ yksxksa esa izpfyr dgkorsa yksdksfDr;k\\u00a1 dgykrh gSaA ;s okD;ka'k  u gksdj iw.kZ okD; gksrh gSaA okD; osQ vuqlkj buesa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk gSA buosQ iz;ksx ls iwoZ vDlj  bl rjg osQ okD; iz;qDr gksrs gSa\\u03bc^lp gh rks gS* ;k ^;g rks ogh ckr gqbZ* vkfnA      uhps nh xbZ yksdksfDr;ksa dk vFkZ le>dj okD; esa iz;ksx dhft,A      (d)  ,d vukj lkS chekj \\u03bc ,d oLrq osQ vusd pkgus okys                                                                                    ([k)  m\\u00a1Qph nqdku iQhosQ idoku \\u03bc fn[kkok vf\\\/d dke de                                                                                 (x)  va\\\/ksa esa dkuk jktk \\u03bc ew[kks\\u00b1 esa FkksM+k fon~oku                                                                                 (?k)  vke osQ vke xqBfy;ksa osQ nke \\u03bc nksgjk ykHk gksuk                                                                                    (\\u00c4)  [kksnk igkM+ fudyh pqfg;k \\u03bc vf\\\/d Je] de ykHk                                                                                 3-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ rqd feykrs gq, 'kCn fyf[k,A       jksuk   \\u03bc                          feyki         \\u03bc                                  'kkafr           \\u03bc                               vkuan   \\u03bc                          fcfV;k         \\u03bc                                  Nyd           \\u03bc                           4-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,A       m\\u00a1Qp   \\u03bc                           Kku          \\u03bc                                   'kkafr           \\u03bc                               fueZy   \\u03bc                           fuHkZ;          \\u03bc                                   e\\\/qj           \\u03bc                               mnkl   \\u03bc                           thou          \\u03bc                                   fot;           \\u03bc                          5-  mfpr 'kCnksa n~okjk fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A pgpgkgV  xM+xM+kgV  [ku[kukgV  fVi&fVi  >ek>e  lulukgV      (d)     ?k\\u00a1q?k#vksa     dh                    lqu esjs ik\\u00a1o Hkh fFkjdus yxsA   ([k)  izkr%dky fpfM+;ksa dh                Hkyh yxrh gSA      (x)                    ikuh cjlrs gh lcosQ Nkrs fudy vk,A      (?k)      cknyksa     dh                    osQ lkFk fctyh Hkh pedus yxhA   (\\u00c4)  Nr ls ikuh dh cw\\u00a1nsa                Vid jgh gSaA   (p)  v\\u00a1\\\/sjh jkr esa gok dh                Mjk jgh FkhA\"","\" 115   6-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa esa Hkkookpd laKk 'kCn ij ( \\uf0fc ) dk fu'kku yxkb,A     FkdkoV   ykyfdyk   jksikbZ  cqukbZ   iSQykuk   isM+  fn[kkoV   iwQy   g\\u00a1luk  vkneh   i<+kbZ   vkyL; oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Speaking and Writing Skills   1-  ^ek\\u00a1 dh eerk cPps osQ fy, vewY; gksrh gSA* bl fo\\\"k; ij fp=kksa dks ladfyr dj izs\\u201dksaVs'ku rS;kj dhft,A   2-  vius cpiu osQ vkuaniw.kZ {k.kksa dks ,d vuqPNsn osQ :i esa fyf[k,A   3-  cw<+s ekrk&firk dks o`n~\\\/kJe esa NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA bl ij vkifRr trkrs gq, lekpkj&i=k osQ fy, ,d  vkys[k rS;kj dhft,A   4-  vk\\\/qfudrk dh nkSM+ us cpiu dks [kks fn;k gS\\u03bcbl fo\\\"k; osQ lanHkZ esa lkewfgd ppkZ dk vk;kstu dhft,A   5-  LowQy ls ?kj vkrs gq, vkidh ?kM+h [kks xbZ gSA fooj.k nsrs gq, foKkiu rS;kj dhft,A ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  D;k ;qok gksus ij gekjs vanj dk fNik cpiu [kks tkrk gS\\\\   2-  cPpk ek\\u00a1 ls D;ksa vf\\\/d tqM+k jgrk gS\\\\ vifBr in~;ka'k \\u2022   bl in~;ka'k dks i<+dj iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A gs xzke nsork! ueLdkj! tu dksykgy ls nwj lksus pk\\u00a1nh ls ugha foaQrq dgha ,dkdh fleVk&lk fuokl] rqeus feV~Vh ls fd;k I;kj jfo&'kf'k dk mruk ugha gs xzke nsork! ueLdkj! fd ftruk izk.kksa dk gksrk izdk'kA      (d)  xzke nsork dks fdlls I;kj gS\\\\      ([k)  xzke nsork dk fuokl dgk\\u00a1 gksrk gS\\\\   (x)  jfo] 'kf'k dk ,d&,d i;kZ;okph 'kCn crkb,A   (?k)  bl in~;ka'k dk mfpr 'kh\\\"kZd fyf[k,A\"","\" 116 (vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy n~okjk jfpr bl fuca\\\/ esa ^fe=k* osQ xq.kksa dk c[kku djrs gq, vPNh laxfr osQ xq.kxku dks  izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ys[kd fe=krk dks thou dk vko';d vax ekurk gSA lPpk fe=k lnSo lgkuqHkwfr j[kusokyk]  ijefgrS\\\"kh rFkk egku dk;k\\u00b1s osQ fy, izsfjr djus okyk gksrk gSA fe=k oqQlaxfr ls cpkrk gS rFkk gesa vPNkbZ osQ  ekxZ ij vxzlj djrk gSA) tc dksbZ ;qok iq#\\\"k vius ?kj ls ckgj fudydj ckgjh lalkj esa  viuh fLFkfr tekrk gS] rc igyh dfBurk mls fe=k pquus esa  iM+rh gSA ;fn mldh fLFkfr fcyoqQy ,dkar vkSj fujkyh ugha  jgrh rks mldh tku&igpku osQ yksx \\u00e8kM+k\\u00e8kM+ c<+rs tkrs gSa vkSj  FkksM+s gh fnuksa esa oqQN yksxksa ls mldk gsy&esy gks tkrk gSA ;gh  gsy&esy c<+rs&c<+rs fe=krk osQ :i esa ifj.kr gks tkrk gSA fe=kksa  osQ pquko dh mi;qDrrk ij mlosQ thou dh liQyrk fuHkZj gks  tkrh gS] D;ksafd laxfr dk xqIr izHkko gekjs vkpj.k ij cM+k Hkkjh  iM+rk gSA ge yksx ,sls le; esa lekt esa izos'k djosQ viuk dk;Z  vkjaHk djrs gSa] tcfd gekjk fpRr dksey vkSj gj rjg dk laLdkj xzg.k djus ;ksX; jgrk gSA gekjs  Hkko vifjekftZr vkSj gekjh izo`fRr vifjiDo jgrh gSA ge yksx dPph feV~Vh dh ewfrZ osQ leku  jgrs gSa] ftls tks ftl :i esa pkgs] ml :i esa <kys&pkgs jk{kl cuk,] pkgs nsorkA ,sls yksxksa dk lkFk djuk gekjs fy, cqjk gS] tks gels vf\\\/d n`<+ ladYi osQ gSa] D;ksafd gesa  mudh gj ckr fcuk fojks\\\/ osQ eku ysuh iM+rh gSA ij ,sls yksxksa dk lkFk djuk vkSj Hkh cqjk gS] tks  gekjh gh ckr dks mQij j[krs gSa] D;ksafd ,slh n'kk esa u rks gekjs mQij dksbZ fu;a=k.k jgrk gS vkSj  u gekjs fy, dksbZ lgkjk jgrk gSA nksuksa voLFkkvksa esa ftl ckr dk Hk; jgrk gS] mldk irk ;qodksa  dks izk;% cgqr de jgrk gSA ;fn foosd ls dke fy;k tk, rks ;g Hk; ugha jgrk] ij ;qok iq#\\\"k  izk;% foosd ls de dke ysrs gSaA oSQls vk'p;Z dh ckr gS fd yksx ,d ?kksM+k ysrs gSa rks mlosQ lkS  xq.k&nks\\\"k dks ij[k dj ysrs gSa] ij fdlh dks fe=k cukus esa mlosQ iwoZ vkpj.k vkSj LoHkko vkfn  dk oqQN Hkh fopkj vkSj vuqla\\\/ku ugha djrsA os mlesa lc ckrsa vPNh&gh&vPNh ekudj viuk  iwjk fo'okl tek nsrs gSaA g\\u00a1leq[k psgjk] ckrphr dk <ax] FkksM+h prqjkbZ ;k lkgl\\u03bc;s gh nks&pkj  ckr fdlh esa ns[kdj yksx pViV mls viuk cuk ysrs gSaA ge yksx ;g ugha lksprs fd eS=kh dk  mn~ns'; D;k gS] D;k thou osQ O;ogkj esa mldk oqQN ewY; Hkh gSA ;g ckr gesa ugha lw>rh fd ;g  fe=rk 14\"","\" 117 ,slk lk\\\/u gS] ftlls vkRef'k{kk dk dk;Z cgqr lqxe gks tkrk gSA ,d izkphu fon~oku dk opu  gS] \\u00b6fo'oklik=k fe=k ls cM+h Hkkjh j{kk jgrh gSA ftls ,slk fe=k fey tk, mls le>uk pkfg,  fd [k\\u201dkkuk fey x;kA \\u0327 fo'oklik=k fe=k thou dh ,d vkS\\\"k\\\/ gSA gesa vius fe=kksa ls ;g vk'kk  j[kuh pkfg, fd os mRre ladYiksa ls gesa n`<+ djsaxs] nks\\\"kksa vkSj =kqfV;ksa ls gesa cpk,\\u00a1xs] gekjs lR;]  ifo=krk vkSj e;kZnk osQ izse dks iq\\\"V djsaxs] tc ge oqQekxZ ij iSj j[ksaxs] rc os gesa lpsr djsaxs]  tc ge grksRlkfgr gksaxs] rc gesa mRlkfgr djsaxsA lkjka'k ;g gS fd gesa mRrerkiwoZd thou&fuokZg  djus esa gj rjg ls lgk;rk nsaxsA lPph fe=krk esa mRre oSn~; dh&lh fuiq.krk vkSj ij[k gksrh gS]  vPNh&ls&vPNh ekrk dk&lk \\\/S;Z vkSj dkseyrk gksrh gSA ,slh gh fe=krk djus dk iz;Ru izR;sd  O;fDr dks djuk pkfg,A Nk=kkoLFkk esa fe=krk dh \\\/qu lokj jgrh gSA  fe=krk \\u00e2n; ls meM+h iM+rh gSA ihNs osQ tks  Lusg&ca\\\/u gksrs gSa] muesa u rks mruh meax  jgrh  gS]  u  mruh  f[kUurkA  cky&eS=kh  esa   tks eXu djusokyk vkuan gksrk gS] og vkSj  dgk\\u00a1\\\\ oSQlh e\\\/qjrk vkSj oSQlh vuqjfDr gksrh  gS] oSQlk vikj fo'okl gksrk gS! \\u00e2n; ls  oSQls&oSQls mn~xkj fudyrs gSa! orZeku oSQlk  vkuane; fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS vkSj Hkfo\\\";  osQ laca\\\/ esa oSQlh yqHkkusokyh dYiuk,\\u00a1  eu esa jgrh gSaA fdruh ckrsa yxrh gSa  vkSj fdruh tYnh ekuuk gksrk gSA ^lgikBh dh fe=krk* bl mfDr esa \\u00e2n; osQ fdrus Hkkjh mFky&iqFky dk Hkko Hkjk gqvk gSA foaQrq  ftl izdkj ;qok iq#\\\"k dh fe=krk LowQy osQ ckyd dh fe=krk ls n`<+] 'kkar vkSj xaHkhj gksrh gS] mlh  izdkj gekjh ;qokoLFkk osQ fe=k ckY;koLFkk osQ fe=kksa ls dbZ ckrksa esa fHkUu gksrs gSaA eSa le>rk gw\\u00a1 fd  fe=k pkgrs gq, cgqr&ls yksx fe=k osQ vkn'kZ dh dYiuk eu esa djrs gksaxsA ij bl dfYir vkn'kZ  ls rks gekjk dke thou osQ >a>Vksa esa pyrk ughaA lqanj izfrHkk] euHkkouh pky vkSj LoPNan iz\\u00d1fr  ;s gh nks&pkj ckrsa ns[kdj fe=krk dh tkrh gS] ij thou&laxzke esa lkFk nsusokys fe=kksa esa buls oqQN  vf\\\/d ckrsa pkfg,A fe=k osQoy mls ugha dgrs] ftlosQ xq.kksa dh rks ge iz'kalk djsa] ij ftlls ge  Lusg u dj losaQ] ftlls vius NksVs&NksVs dke gh ge fudkyrs tk,\\u00a1] ij Hkhrj&gh&Hkhrj ?k`.kk djrs  jgsaA fe=k lPps iFk&izn'kZd osQ leku gksuk pkfg,] ftl ij ge iwjk fo'okl dj losaQA fe=k HkkbZ  osQ leku gksuk pkfg,] ftls ge viuk izhfr&ik=k cuk losaQA gekjs vkSj gekjs fe=k osQ chp lPph  lgkuqHkwfr gksuh pkfg,A ,slh lgkuqHkwfr ftlls ,d osQ gkfu&ykHk dks nwljk viuk gkfu&ykHk le>sA\"","\" 118 fe=k dk drZO; bl izdkj crk;k x;k gS] \\u00b6mPp vkSj egku dk;ks\\u00b1 esa bl izdkj lgk;rk nsuk]  eu c<+kuk vkSj lkgl fnykuk fd rqe viuh&viuh lkeF;Z ls ckgj dke dj tkvksA \\u0327 ;g drZO;  mlh ls iwjk gksxk] tks n`<+ fpRr vkSj lR;&ladYi dk gksA blls gesa ,sls gh fe=kksa dh [kkst esa jguk  pkfg, ftuesa gels vf\\\/d vkRecy gksA gesa mudk iYyk mlh rjg idM+uk pkfg,] ftl rjg  lqxzho us jke dk iYyk idM+k FkkA fe=k gksa rks izfrf\\\"Br vkSj 'kqn~\\\/ \\u00e2n; osQ gksa] e`nqy vkSj iq#\\\"kkFkhZ  gksa] f'k\\\"V vkSj lR;fu\\\"B gksa] ftlls ge vius dks muosQ Hkjksls ij NksM+ losaQ vkSj ;g fo'okl dj  losaQ fd muls fdlh izdkj dk \\\/ks[kk u gksxkA tks ckr mQij fe=kksa osQ laca\\\/ esa dgh xbZ gS] ogh tku&igpkuokyksa osQ laca\\\/ esa Hkh Bhd gSA  tks gekjs thou dks mRre vkSj vkuane; cukus esa oqQN lgk;rk ns ldrs gksa] ;n~;fi mruh ugha  ftruh xgjs fe=k ns ldrs gSaA euq\\\"; dk thou FkksM+k gS] mlesa [kksus osQ fy, le; ughaA ;fn d]  [k vkSj x gekjs fy, oqQN ugha dj ldrs gSa] u dksbZ cqn~f\\\/ekuh ;k fouksn dh ckrphr dj ldrs  gSa] u dksbZ vPNh ckr cryk ldrs gSa] u lgkuqHkwfr n~okjk gesa <k<+l c\\u00a1\\\/k ldrs gSa] u gekjs vkuan  esa lfEefyr gks ldrs gSa] u gesa drZO; dk \\u00e8;ku fnyk ldrs gSa] rks bZ'oj gesa muls nwj gh j[ksA vktdy tku&igpku c<+kuk dksbZ cM+h ckr ugha gSA dksbZ Hkh ;qok iq#\\\"k ,sls vusd ;qok iq#\\\"kksa  dks ik ldrk gS] tks mlosQ lkFk fFk;sVj ns[kus tk,\\u00a1xs] ukpjax esa tk,\\u00a1xs] lSj&likVs esa tk,\\u00a1xs] Hkkstu  dk fuea=k.k Lohdkj djsaxsA ;fn ,sls tku&igpku osQ yksxksa ls oqQN gkfu u gksxh] rks ykHk Hkh u  gksxkA ij ;fn gkfu gksxh rks cM+h Hkkjh gksxhA oqQlax dk Toj lcls Hk;kud gksrk gSA ;g osQoy uhfr vkSj ln~o`fRr dk gh uk'k ugha djrk]  cfYd cqn~f\\\/ dk Hkh {k; djrk gSA fdlh ;qok iq#\\\"k dh laxfr ;fn cqjh gksxh rks og mlosQ iSjksa esa  c\\u00a1\\\/h pDdh osQ leku gksxh] tks mls fnu&jkr voufr osQ xM~<s esa fxjkrh tk,xh vkSj ;fn vPNh  gksxh rks lgkjk nsus okyh ckgq osQ leku gksxh] mls fujarj mUufr dh vksj mBkrh tk,xhA baXySaM osQ ,d fon~oku dks ;qokoLFkk esa jkt&njckfj;ksa esa txg ugha feyhA bl ij f\\u201dkanxh Hkj  og vius HkkX; dks ljkgrk jgkA cgqr&ls yksx rks bls viuk cM+k Hkkjh nqHkkZX; le>rs] ij og  vPNh rjg tkurk Fkk fd ogk\\u00a1 og cqjs yksxksa dh laxfr esa iM+rk tks mldh vk\\u00e8;kfRed mUufr esa  ck\\\/d gksrsA cgqr&ls yksx ,sls gksrs gSa] ftuosQ ?kM+h Hkj osQ lkFk ls Hkh cqn~f\\\/ Hkz\\\"V gks tkrh gS]  D;ksafd muosQ gh chp esa ,slh&,slh ckrsa dgh tkrh gSa tks dkuksa esa u iM+uh pkfg,] fpRr ij ,sls  izHkko iM+rs gSa] ftuls mldh ifo=krk dk uk'k gksrk gSA cqjkbZ vVy Hkko \\\/kj.k djosQ cSBrh gSA cqjh  ckrsa gekjh \\\/kj.kk esa cgqr fnuksa rd fVdrh gSaA bl ckr dks izk;% lHkh yksx tkurs gSa fd Hkn~ns o  iwQgM+ xhr ftruh tYnh \\u00e8;ku ij p<+rs gSa] mruh tYnh dksbZ xaHkhj ;k vPNh ckr ughaA ,d ckj  ,d fe=k us eq>ls dgk fd mlus yM+diu esa dgha ls cqjh dgkor lquh Fkh] ftldk \\u00e8;ku og  yk[k ps\\\"Vk djrk gS fd u vk,] ij ckj&ckj vkrk gSA ftu Hkkoukvksa dks ge nwj j[kuk pkgrs gSa]  ftu ckrksa dks ge ;kn djuk ugha pkgrs] os ckj&ckj \\u00e2n; esa mBrh gSa vkSj cs\\\/rh gSaA vr% rqe iwjh \"","\" 119 pkSdlh j[kks] ,sls yksxksa dks lkFkh u cukvks tks v'yhy] vifo=k vkSj iwQgM+ ckrksa ls rqEgsa g\\u00a1lkuk  pkgsaA lko\\\/ku jgksA ,slk u gks fd igys&igy rqe bls ,d cgqr lkekU; ckr le>ks vkSj lkspks  fd ,d ckj ,slk gqvk] fiQj ,slk u gksxkA vFkok rqEgkjs pfj=k&cy dk ,slk izHkko iM+sxk fd ,slh  ckrsa cdus okys vkxs pydj vki lq\\\/j tk,\\u00a1xsA ugha] ,slk ugha gksxkA tc ,d ckj euq\\\"; viuk  iSj dhpM+ esa Mky nsrk gS] rc fiQj ;g ugha ns[krk fd og dgk\\u00a1 vkSj oSQlh txg iSj j[krk gSA  \\\/hjs&\\\/hjs mu cqjh ckrksa esa vH;Lr gksrs&gksrs rqEgkjh ?k`.kk de gks tk,xhA ihNs rqEgsa muls fp<+ u  ekywe gksxh] D;ksafd rqe ;g lkspus yxksxs fd fp<+us dh ckr gh D;k gSA rqEgkjk foosd oaqQfBr gks  tk,xk vkSj rqEgsa Hkys&cqjs dh igpku u jg tk,xhA var esa gksrs&gksrs rqe Hkh cqjkbZ osQ HkDr cu  tkvksxsA vr% \\u00e2n; dks mTToy vkSj fu\\\"dyad j[kus dk lcls vPNk mik; ;gh gS fd cqjh laxfr  dh Nwr ls cpksA ,d iqjkuh dgkor gS\\u03bc \\u00b6dkty dh dksBjh esa oSQlks gh l;kuks tk;A ,d yhd dkty dh ykfx gS iS ykfx gSA \\u0327 \\u03bcvkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy ys[kd ifjp; %  vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy dk tUe 4 vDrwcj] 1884 esa cLrh tuin osQ vxksuk uked xk\\u00a1o esa gqvk  FkkA fganh fuca\\\/ osQ {ks=k esa 'kqDy th us egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA mUgksaus ^fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl* jpdj fganh  lkfgR; dks viuh vuqie HksaV nh gSA mudh vU; \\u00d1fr;k\\u00a1 gSa\\u03bcdkO; esa jgL;okn] jl ehekalk] rqylh dk HkfDrekxZ]  ekul dh \\\/eZHkwfe] fparkef.k vkfnA 'kqDy th osQ vkykspukRed fuca\\\/ fganh lfgR; dh vuqie \\u00d1fr;k\\u00a1 gSaA os Js\\\"B  vkSj ekSfyd fuca\\\/dkj FksA budh e`R;q lu 1941 bZ- esa \\u00e2n;xfr #d tkus ls gqbZA u, 'kCn mi;qDrrk    \\u03bc vuqowQyrk  thou&laxzke \\u03bc thou :ih ;qn~\\\/ laLdkj  \\u03bc ijaijk ls pys vk jgs fof'k\\\"V o`QR;    iFk&izn'kZd  \\u03bc jkg fn[kkusokyk vifjekftZr   \\u03bc tks lkI + kQ&lqFkjk u gks] vLoPN  lR;&ladYi \\u03bc n`<+&ladYi vifjiDo    \\u03bc vfodflr] tks idk u gks  fouksn  \\u03bc e\\u201dkkd] euksjatu fu;a=k.k  \\u03bc O;ofLFkr djuk] fu;e  vk\\u00e8;kfRed  \\u03bc vkRek ls lacaf\\\/r vuqla\\\/ku     \\u03bc [kkst  \\\/kj.kk  \\u03bc fo'okl grksRlkfgr    \\u03bc ftldk mRlkg VwV x;k gks  iwQgM+  \\u03bc Hkn~nk f[kUurk  \\u03bc mnklhurk] vizlUurk  v'yhy    \\u03bc Hkn~nk] iwQgM+ vuqjfDr  \\u03bc vuqjkx] izse  vH;Lr     \\u03bc vknh gksuk] vknr gksuk LoPNan iz\\u00d1fr \\u03bc mUeqDr LoHkko  fu\\\"dyad   \\u03bc dyad jfgr] nks\\\"k jfgr eqgkojs iYyk >kM+uk \\u03bc ihNk NqM+kuk  <k<+l c\\u00a1\\\/kuk \\u03bc fgEer c\\u00a1\\\/kuk\"","\" 120 vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills ,dkar         ladYi          cqn~f\\\/ekuh         nqHkkZX;          mi;qDrrk         izfrHkk <k<+l         vH;Lr         fon~oku           izfrf\\\"Br         oaqQfBr           fu\\\"dayd ikB dh ckr   Comprehension Skills \\u2022   uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  ?kj ls ckgj fudyus ij ukStokuksa dks igyh dfBukbZ D;k gksrh gS\\\\   ([k)  oqQlaxfr ls D;k gkfu gksrh gS\\\\   (x)  baXySaM dk fon~oku njckfj;ksa esa txg u feyus ij Hkh vius HkkX; dks D;ksa ljkgrk jgk\\\\       fyf[kr     y?kq mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  oSQlk fe=k feyus ij le>uk pkfg, fd [k\\u201dkkuk fey x;k\\\\   ([k)  fdldk Toj Hk;kud gksrk gS\\\\   (x)  ckY;koLFkk esa gekjk eu fdlosQ leku gksrk gS\\\\   (?k)  vkRef'k{kk dk ekxZ fdldh enn ls ljy gks tkrk gS\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  ckY;koLFkk rFkk ;qokoLFkk osQ fe=kksa esa D;k varj gksrk gS\\\\   ([k)  fe=k dk pquko djrs le; gesa fdu&fdu ckrksa dk \\u00e8;ku j[kuk pkfg,\\\\   (x)  \\u00b6fo'oklik=k fe=k vkS\\\"k\\\/ osQ leku gksrk gS \\u0327\\u03bc,slk D;ksa dgk x;k gS\\\\   (?k)  nks fHkUu iz\\u00d1fr osQ yksxksa esa Hkh fe=krk gks ldrh gS\\u03bcmnkgj.k nsdj Li\\\"V dhft,A      (\\u00c4)  oSQls yksxksa dh fe=krk ls gesa lko\\\/ku jguk pkfg,\\\\      (p)  vk'k; Li\\\"V dhft,A  ( i )  lPph fe=krk esa mRre oSn~; dh&lh fuiq.krk vkSj ij[k gksrh gS] vPNh ls vPNh ekrk dk&lk  \\\/S;Z vkSj dkseyrk gksrh gSA  ( ii )  tc ,d ckj euq\\\"; viuk iSj dhpM+ esa Mky nsrk gS] rc fiQj ;g ugha ns[krk fd og dgk\\u00a1  vkSj oSQlh txg iSj j[krk gSA       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  oSQls yksxksa dk lkFk gekjs fy, cqjk gS\\\\  vf\\\/d n`<+ ladYi okys   vf\\\/d ykyph   vlg;ksxh\"","\" 121      ([k)  lPph fe=krk esa oSQlh fuiq.krk gksuh pkfg,\\\\  cky eS=kh dh   cqn~f\\\/ dh   mRre oSn~; dh   (x)  fdldk Toj Hk;kud gksrk gS\\\\  vlax   fe=k   oqQlax oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-   laKk rFkk loZuke osQ ftl :i ls mldk laca\\\/ f\\u00d8;k osQ lkFk tkuk tkrk gS] mls  dkjd  dgrs gSaA dkjd  dks Li\\\"V djus osQ fy, laKk vFkok loZuke osQ lkFk tks fpg~u yxk, tkrs gSa] mUgsa  foHkfDr  ;k  ijlxZ dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k\\u03bcjek us xkuk xk;kA     dkjd vkB izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA dkjd Hksn  foHkfDr@ijlxZ  dkjd Hksn  foHkfDr@ijlxZ      drkZ  us  viknku  ls (vyx gksuk)     deZ  dks  laca\\\/  dk osQ dh@jk js jh      dj.k  ls] osQ n~okjk  vf\\\/dj.k  esa@ij      laiznku  osQ fy,  lacks\\\/u  gs] vjs      uhps fn, okD;ksa esa jaxhu 'kCn osQ dkjd dk uke fyf[k,A      (d)      cPpks ] \\u00e8;ku ls lquksA       ([k)      es\\u201dk      ij  iwQynku j[kk gSA       (x)      ukxiqj      osQ  larjs izfln~\\\/ gSaA    (?k)  xaxk unh fgeky;  ls  fudyrh gSA    (\\u00c4)  usgk us Lrqfr  osQ fy,  migkj [kjhnkA    2-   ^dj.k* rFkk ^viknku* nksuksa dkjdksa dh foHkfDr dk fpg~u ^ls* gSA foaQrq vFkZ dh n`f\\\"V ls nksuksa esa Hksn  gSA dj.k dkjd esa ^ls* osQ n~okjk lk\\\/u dk cks\\\/ gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ftldh lgk;rk ls dk;Z laiUu gksrk gSA  tcfd viknku dkjd esa ^ls* (i`Fkd) foHkfDr ls vyx gksus] rqyuk] Hk; vkfn dk Hkko gksrk gSA      fn, x, okD;ksa esa dj.k rFkk viknku dkjd igpkudj fyf[k,A      (d)  fufdrk jhrk ls yach gSA    ([k)  xhnM+ 'ksj ls Mjdj Hkkx x;kA    (x)  iqfyl ls fiVus osQ ckn pksj us lp cksykA    (?k)  xaxk unh xkseq[k ls fudyrh gSA       (\\u00c4)  ck\\u201dkkj ls vkrs gh ekul [ksyus pyk x;kA       (p)  lfjrk us izk\\u00d1frd jaxksa ls fp=k cuk;k gSA \"","\" 122   3-  mfpr 'kCn pqudj fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft,A      (d)     nq;ksZ\\\/u     esa                    ugha FkkA  (Kku@foosd)   ([k)  bl o`{k dh                cgqr ?kuh gSA  (ijNkb\\u00b1@Nk;k)   (x)  bl ckj dk ijh{kk&i=k cgqr                FkkA  (dfBu@dBksj)      (?k)      vkidh                    ls esjk lc dke Bhd ls laiUu gks x;kA  (\\u00d1ik@n;k)   (\\u00c4)  Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks viuh laL\\u00d1fr ij                gSA  (xoZ] vgadkj)      (p)      izkr%dky                    djuk LokLF; osQ fy, vPNk gSA  (i;ZVu@Hkze.k)   4-  uhps fn, x, okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,A      tks idk u gks  \\u03bc                  Nk=k dh voLFkk  \\u03bc                      iFk   fn[kykusokyk    \\u03bc                    tks dyad jfgr gks  \\u03bc                     lR; esa ftldh fu\\\"Bk gks  \\u03bc                  vk\\u00a1[kksa osQ lkeus gksus okyk   \\u03bc                     ftldk mRlkg VwV x;k gks \\u03bc                  LosPNkiw.kZ vkpj.k djusokyk \\u03bc                  5-  ^Ro* izR;; tksM+dj u, 'kCn cukb,A       izHkq   \\u03bc                           i'kq          \\u03bc                                   usrk           \\u03bc                               ca\\\/q   \\u03bc                           nso          \\u03bc                                   O;fDr           \\u03bc                         oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Creative and Writing Skills   1-  ^fe=k* thou esa D;ksa vko';d gSa\\\\ bl laca\\\/ esa ,d ppkZ d{kk esa izLrqr dhft,A   2-  ;fn vkidk ?kfu\\\"B fe=k ihB ihNs vkidh cqjkbZ djs rks vki mlosQ lkFk oSQlk O;ogkj djsaxs\\\\ laokn osQ  :i esa fyf[k,A   3-  izsepan dh dgkuh ^iap ijes'oj* fe=krk dh vuks[kh felky gSA mls if<+, vkSj ukV~; :i esa eafpr dhft,A   4-  vius fe=k osQ fy, ,d laqnj&lk dkMZ cukb, rFkk mlesa viuk dksbZ lans'k fyf[k,A   5-  fe=krk ij oqQN lwfDr;k\\u00a1 ;k nksgs ,df=kr dhft, vkSj d{kk esa cksMZ ij yxkb,A ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  lPps fe=k dh igpku vki fdl izdkj djsaxs\\\\   2-  ^dkty dh dksBjh* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\\\\   3-  ^fe=k* osQ vHkko esa thou oSQlk gksxk\\\\ bl ij vius fopkj izLrqr dhft,A\"","\" 123 'kghnksa ds i= 15 (Hkkjr osQ vla[; ohjksa us vk\\u201dkknh ikus osQ fy, g\\u00a1lrs&g\\u00a1lrs vius izk.kksa dh ck\\u201dkh yxk nh FkhA Hkkjr osQ ,sls gh nks  lPps ohjksa osQ i=k ;gk\\u00a1 fn, tk jgs gSaA ykyk yktirjk; us vius i=k osQ ek\\u00e8;e ls ekr`Hkwfe osQ izfr vius Jn~\\\/k  Hkko dks n'kkZ;k gSA ogha nwljk i=k jkeizlkn fcfLey dk gS ftUgsa ek=k rhl o\\\"kZ dh vk;q esa iQk\\u00a1lh ij yVdk fn;k  x;k FkkA ;g i=k mUgksaus viuh ek\\u00a1 dks iQk\\u00a1lh ij p<+us ls rhu fnu iwoZ fy[kk FkkA) ekrk! eSa rqEgsa D;k lefiZr d:\\u00a1\\\\ esjs ikl rqEgkjs ;ksX; oqQN Hkh ugha gSA eSa  vR;ar xjhc gw\\u00a1A fiQj Hkh ,d oLrq eSa rqEgkjs pj.kksa ij p<+k ldrk  gw\\u00a1\\u03bcizseA gk\\u00a1] viuk izse! vks ek\\u00a1] eq>s ;g dgus osQ fy, {kek dj nsuk fd eSa rqEgsa I;kj  djrk gw\\u00a1A eSa rks jkse&jkse ls rqEgkjh iwtk djrk gw\\u00a1A ;g esjs \\u00e2n; dk  lR; gSA eSa bZ'oj dks Hkh bruk I;kj ugha djrk ftruk rqEgsa djrk gw\\u00a1A ekrk! eSa rqEgsa ekuork ls Hkh Js\\\"B ekurk gw\\u00a1A rqEgkjk LFkku rks  loksZPp gSA yksx esjh vkykspuk djrs gSa ij eSa muls lger ughaA  rqEgkjs gh dkj.k rks eSa ekuork dks I;kj dj ikrk gw\\u00a1A rqeus Hkh lnk  gh fo'o osQ ckjs esa lkspk gSA ekuork gh rqEgkjk ifjokj gSA rqe lcdh ek\\u00a1 gksA eSa rqels tqM+h gj oLrq ls I;kj djrk gw\\u00a1A eSa rqEgkjs ioZr] ufn;ksa] ?kkfV;ksa] eSnkuksa] iwQyksa] iQyksa  vkSj jsfxLrkuksa ls I;kj djrk gw\\u00a1A blls c<+dj lqanjrk vkSj dgk\\u00a1 feysxh! eSa rqEgkjh larkuksa dks Hkh  I;kj djrk gw\\u00a1A os vlaxfBr] ns'kizseghu vkSj va\\\/fo'oklh Hkys gh gksa] ij eq>s mu lcls I;kj gSA  dHkh&dHkh eSa muls fujk'k gksrk gw\\u00a1 ij os lc esjs vius gSaA eSa mUgsa ugha NksM+ ldrkA esjk tks oqQN  gS] mUgha dk gSA esjh oanuk eSa rqEgkjs pj.kksa esa HksaV djrk gw\\u00a1A bls Lohdkj djks] Lohdkj djksA gs Hkkjr ek\\u00a1] rqEgsa  'kr&'kr iz.kke! rqEgkjk iq=k] yktirjk;\"","\" 124 xksj[kiqj tsy] 16 fnlacj] 1927 iwT; ekrkth] lknj pj.k oanukA rqeus bl 'kjhj dks tUe nsdj osQoy ikyu&iks\\\"k.k gh ugha fd;k]  vkfRed] \\\/kfeZd rFkk lkekftd mUufr esa rqEgha esjh lnSo lgk;d  jghaA eq>s izR;sd tUe esa ijekRek ,slh gh ekrk nsaA egku ls egku  ladV esa rqeus eq>s v\\\/hj ugha gksus fn;kA lnSo viuh izseHkjh ok.kh  dks lqukrs gq, eq>s lkaRouk nsrh jghaA rqEgkjh n;k dh Nk;k esa eSaus  vius thouHkj esa dksbZ d\\\"V vuqHko u fd;kA bl lalkj esa esjh  fdlh Hkh Hkksx&foykl rFkk lq[k dh bPNk ughaA osQoy ,d bPNk  gS] og ;g fd ,d ckj Jn~\\\/kiwoZd rqEgkjs pj.kksa dh lsok djosQ  vius thou dks liQy cuk ysrkA foaQrq ;g bPNk iw.kZ gksrh ugha  fn[kkbZ nsrh D;ksafd 'kh?kz gh esjh e`R;q dk laokn lquk;k tk,xkA ek\\u00a1!  eq>s  fo'okl  gS  fd  rqe  ;g  le>dj  \\\/S;Z  \\\/kj.k  djksxh  fd  rqEgkjk  iq=k  ekrkvksa  dh   ekrk\\u03bc^Hkkjrekrk* dh lsok esa viuk thou lefiZr dj x;k gSA mlus rqEgsa 'kghn dh ek\\u00a1 gksus dk  xkSjo fn;kA tc Lok\\\/hu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl fy[kk tk,xk rks fdlh i`\\\"B ij mTToy v{kjksa esa] ek\\u00a1]  rqEgkjk uke vo'; fy[kk gksxkA tUenk=kh! oj nks fd vafre le; Hkh esjk \\u00e2n; n`<+ jgs vkSj rqEgkjs pj.k&deyksa esa iz.kke vfiZr  dj] eSa ijekRek dk Lej.k djrk gqvk] 'kghn gks tkm\\u00a1QA blh ifo=k HkkjrHkwfe ij ,d ckj fiQj tUe yw\\u00a1] blh vk'kk osQ lkFk rqEgkjk csVk] jkeizlkn fcfLey ys[kd ifjp; %  ykyk yktirjk; dk tUe iatkc osQ eksxk ftys esa 28 tuojh] 1865 esa gqvk FkkA ;s Hkkjrh;  jk\\\"V\\u00aah; dkaxzsl esa xje ny osQ rhu izeq[k usrkvksa yky] cky] iky esa ls ,d FksA cpiu ls gh ns'kizse dh Hkkouk  buesa owQV&owQVdj Hkjh FkhA bUgsa iatkc osQljh vkSj 'ksjs&iatkc osQ uke ls Hkh iqdkjk tkrk FkkA 30 vDVwcj] 1928  esa lkbeu deh'ku dk fojks\\\/ djus okyksa osQ vxqokbZ ykyk yktirjk; vaxzs\\u201dkksa dh ykBh ls cqjh rjg ?kk;y gks  x,A 17 uoacj] 1928 dks budk LoxZokl gks x;kA jkeizlkn fcfLey dk tUe 28 tuojh] 1897 esa 'kkgtgk\\u00a1iqj] mRrj izns'k esa gqvk FkkA ;s \\u00d8akfrdkjh vkSj dfo nksuksa  FksA budh jpukvksa esa ns'kizse dh Hkkouk l'kDr :i ls >ydrh gSA ^ljI + kQjks'kh dh reUuk vc gekjs fny esa gS---*  tSls \\u00d8akfrdkjh xhr bUgksaus fy[ksA dkdksjh dkaM us iwjs ns'k dk \\u00e8;ku budh vksj [khapkA blh dkaM osQ ckn vaxzs\\u201dkh  ljdkj us mUgsa iQk\\u00a1lh dh l\\u201dkk lquk nhA 19 fnlacj] 1927 dks mUgsa iQk\\u00a1lh ij yVdk fn;k x;kA\"","\" 125 u, 'kCn jkse&jkse    \\u03bc jksvk\\u00a1&jksvk\\u00a1] fNnz  oanuk  \\u03bc Lrqfr djuk vkykspuk  \\u03bc Vhdk&fVIi.kh] fdlh ckr@dk;Z  'kr&'kr   \\u03bc dbZ lkS] lkS&lkS     osQ xq.k&nks\\\"kksa dk fopkj  Jn~\\\/kiwoZd \\u03bc vknjiwoZd lger  \\u03bc ,der  laokn     \\u03bc lekpkj ekuork    \\u03bc euq\\\";rk  lefiZr    \\u03bc HksaV] vfiZr vlaxfBr   \\u03bc tks laxfBr u gks  xkSjo  \\u03bc xfjek] lkSHkkX;] lEeku ns'kizseghu   \\u03bc ns'kizse dh Hkkouk ls jfgr  tUenk=kh   \\u03bc tUe nsusokyh] tUenkf;uh      vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills lefiZr         ekuork         jsfxLrku         vlaxfBr         vkfRed         ok.kh         lkaRouk Jn~\\\/kiwoZd      mTToy      Lok\\\/hu       Lej.k        HkkjrHkwfe      fcfLey      va\\\/fo'oklh ikB dh ckr   Comprehension Skills \\u2022   uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  ykyk yktirjk; us ;g i=k fdls lacksf\\\/r dj fy[kk gS\\\\    ([k)  ykyk yktirjk; bZ'oj ls Hkh vf\\\/d fdls I;kj djrs Fks\\\\   (x)  jkeizlkn fcfLey fdls viuh mUufr esa lgk;d ekurs Fks\\\\   (?k)  ;g i=k jkeizlkn fcfLey us dgk\\u00a1 ls fy[kk Fkk\\\\       fyf[kr      (d)  ykyk yktirjk; viuh ek\\u00a1 ls tqM+h fdu&fdu oLrqvksa ls I;kj djrs gSa\\\\   ([k)  ykyk yktirjk; dh u\\u201dkj esa ekr`Hkwfe dh larkusa oSQlh gSa\\\\   (x)  jkeizlkn fcfLey dh D;k bPNk Fkh\\\\   (?k)  jkeizlkn fcfLey us ekrkvksa dh ekrk fdls dgk gS\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  ykyk yktirjk; ek\\u00a1 osQ pj.kksa esa D;k lefiZr djuk pkgrs Fks vkSj D;ksa\\\\   ([k)  ykyk yktirjk; ns'kokfl;ksa esa fdu dfe;ksa dks ns[krs gSa ij fiQj Hkh os mUgsa D;ksa NksM+ ugha ikrs\\\\   (x)  nksuksa i=kksa osQ chp D;k fo'ks\\\"k varj gS\\\\ Li\\\"V dhft,A   (?k)  jkeizlkn fcfLey us viuh ek\\u00a1 dks ;g D;ksa fy[kk fd Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl esa rqEgkjk uke Lo.kZ v{kjksa  esa fy[kk tk,xk\\\\\"","\" 126       cgqfodYih;   iz'u      lgh mRrj pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  jkeizlkn fcfLey dh D;k vfHkyk\\\"kk Fkh\\\\  eSa Hkkjr esa iqu% tUe yw\\u00a1   eSa e`R;q ls cp tkm\\u00a1Q  iqu% ns'k lsok esa yx tkm\\u00a1Q      ([k)  jkeizlkn fcfLey dh ek\\u00a1 dks 'kh?kz gh D;k laokn lquk;k tkus okyk Fkk\\\\  fcfLey dh fjgkbZ dk laokn   fcfLey dks lEeku feyus dk laokn  fcfLey dh e`R;q dk laokn   (x)  ykyk yktirjk; Hkkjrekrk ls fdl izdkj izse djrs Fks\\\\  fryd panu ls iwtk djosQ   jksyh v{kr yxkdj   jkse&jkse ls izse djosQ   (?k)  viuh oanuk ykyk yktirjk; us dgk\\u00a1 HksaV dh\\\\  Hkkjrekrk osQ pj.kksa esa   bZ'oj osQ pj.kksa esa   viuh ek\\u00a1 osQ pj.kksa esa oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-  if<+,  vkSj  lef>,A \\u2022  loZuke vkSj lkoZukfed fo'ks\\\"k.k esa varj gksrk gSA      tc ;g] fdl] dkSu] og vkfn loZuke vkSj laKk ls igys vkdj mldh fo'ks\\\"krk crkrs gSa rks os  lkoZukfed  fo'ks\\\"k.k  dgykrs gSaA tc ;g] og] fdl] dkSu vkfn loZuke 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx laKk osQ LFkku ij fd;k tkrk  gS rks os  loZuke  dgykrs gSaA tSls\\u03bc ;g  iqLrd eq>s ilan gSA  (lkoZukfed fo'ks\\\"k.k) og  cgqr cqn~f\\\/eku gSA  (loZuke)      uhps fn, okD;ksa esa ls loZuke vkSj lkoZukfed fo'ks\\\"k.k osQ okD;ksa dks igpkudj fyf[k,A      (d)  esjk uke lqjfHk gSA    ([k)  mldh cqn~f\\\/ekuh izfln~\\\/ gSA    (x)  eq>s FkksM+h 'kDdj nksA    (?k)  og yM+dh lqanj gSA       (\\u00c4)  ml vkneh dk D;k uke gSA       (p)  mls vkus nksA       (N)  rqEgkjs ikl dbZ isaflysa gSaA       (t)  bl cxhps esa I + kQOokjk gSA    2-   tks vO;; (vfodkjh 'kCn) g\\\"kZ] 'kksd] yTtk] ?k`.kk] ihM+k] vk'p;Z vkfn euksHkkoksa dks n'kkZrs gSa] mUgsa  foLe;kfncks\\\/d 'kCn  dgrs gSaA ;s 'kCn Lor% gekjs eq[k ls fudy tkrs gSaA buosQ lkFk foLe; (!) dk  fpg~u vo'; iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA\"","\" 127      mfpr foLe;kfncks\\\/d 'kCn pqfu,A      (d)                   ! fdruh lqgkouh gok py jgh gSA  (okg] Nh] \\\/r~)      ([k)                   ! og rks cckZn gks x;kA  (gk;] vjs] vkg)      (x)                   ! fdruk cM+k lk\\u00a1iA  (okg] cki js] gk;)      (?k)                   ! eq>s rqels ,slh gh mEehn FkhA  (okg] 'kkck'k] vjs)      (\\u00c4)                   ! gSa ,sls ohjA  (okg] \\\/U;] 'kkck'k)      (p)                   ! ,slk ugha dgrsA  (fN%] \\\/r~] gk;)   2-  ewy'kCn vkSj izR;; vyx dhft,A                 ewy'kCn             izR;;              ewy'kCn             izR;;       ekuork   \\u03bc                                      \\\/kfeZd        \\u03bc                                         vlaxfBr   \\u03bc                                      Jn~\\\/kiwoZd        \\u03bc                                         lkekftd   \\u03bc                                      va\\\/fo'oklh        \\u03bc                                     3-  funsZ'kkuqlkj   mRrj  nhft,A      (d)  onuk] ek] iQklh] lokn] vfreA (mfpr LFkku ij vuqLokj ;k vuqukfld yxkb,A)                                                                                  ([k)  mlus rqEgsa 'kghn dh ek\\u00a1 gksus dk xkSjo fn;kA (js[kkafdr dkjd fpg~u dk Hksn fyf[k,A)                                         (x)  bfrgkl] vkRek] \\\/eZ] lektA (buls fo'ks\\\"k.k 'kCn cukb,A)                                                                (?k)  lger] vk'kk] 'kh?kz] liQy] ekuorkA (foykse fyf[k,A)                                                                               4- uhps fn, okD;ksa esa fo'ks\\\"k.k 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr dhft, vkSj ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\\\"k.k rFkk la[;kokpd  fo'ks\\\"k.k Nk\\u00a1Vdj fyf[k,A      (d)  lc cPps nkSM+ x,A                                     ([k)  eSaus iks'kkd cuokus osQ fy, ik\\u00a1p ehVj diM+k [kjhnkA                                  (x)  ;g lM+d cgqr yach gSA                                  (?k)  og ck\\u201dkkj ls nl fdyks pkoy yk;kA                                     (\\u00c4)  vkt eSaus cgqr [kkuk [kk;kA                                  5-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,A       \\u00e2n;   \\u03bc                         n`<+        \\u03bc                              lnSo        \\u03bc                            d\\\"V   \\u03bc                         Lok\\\/hu        \\u03bc                              bPNk        \\u03bc                     \"","\" 128   6-  vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,A       tUe   nsusokyh    \\u03bc                   tks laxfBr u gks  \\u03bc                    tks \\\/eZ ls lacaf\\\/r gks   \\u03bc                 tks foKku ls lacaf\\\/r gks  \\u03bc                    tks ijaijk ls lacaf\\\/r gks  \\u03bc                 tks vkRek ls lacaf\\\/r gks  \\u03bc                    tks lkfgR; ls lacaf\\\/r gks \\u03bc                 tks bfrgkl ls lacaf\\\/r gks \\u03bc               oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Writing and Creative Skills   1-  Lok\\\/hurk laxzke osQ ckjs esa crkrs gq, vius fons'kh&fe=k dks i=k fyf[k,A   2-  ozQkafrdkfj;ksa osQ thou ij cuh fI + kQYesa nsf[k,A tSls\\u03bc^jax ns clarh*] ^fn fytsaM vkWI + kQ Hkxr flag*A   3-  Lora=krk laxzke osQ fnuksa esa izpfyr ukjs rFkk xhrksa dks ladfyr dhft,A   4-  lekpkj&i=k esa ns'kizse ls lacaf\\\/r lekpkjksa dks <w\\u00a1f<+, vkSj d{kk esa lqukb,A   5-  viuh v\\u00e8;kfidk dh enn ls vk\\u201dkknh ls lacaf\\\/r izeq[k yksxksa vkSj ?kVukvksa ij ,d iz'u cSad rS;kj dhft,  rFkk d{kk esa iz'ueap dk vk;kstu dhft,A ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  vki viuk iz\\u00d1frizse o ns'kizse fdl :i esa izdV dj ldrs gSa\\\\   2-  fdlh O;fDr esa ,slh dkSu&lh mnkRr Hkkouk gksrh gS tks mls ns'k osQ fy, loZLo U;ksNkoj djus osQ fy,  izsfjr djrh gS\\\\ vifBr xn~;ka'k \\u2022   xn~;ka'k i<+dj iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A      U;k; vkSj vU;k; ,sls ca\\\/u gSa tks euq\\\"; dks mfpr vkSj vuqfpr dh lhekvksa esa ck\\u00a1\\\/dj j[krs gSaA vU;k;  djus okyk Lo;a Hkh lq[kh ugha gksrk vkSj u gh mlosQ \\u00e2n; dh vkok\\u201dk mls lq[kh gksus nsrh gSA U;k;fiz;  O;fDr vius vklikl gksus okys vU;k; dks Hkh cnkZ'r ugha dj ikrkA U;k; fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk fl[kkrk  gSA gesa lgh vkSj xyr dh igpku djuk fl[kkrk gSA ysfdu dHkh&dHkh U;k; dh nsjh vU;k; Hkh cu tkrh  gSA ;fn O;fDr dks lgh le; ij U;k; u feys rks csdlwj gksus ij Hkh og vU;k; dh ekj dks >syrk gSA   (d)  U;k; gesa D;k fl[kkrk gS\\\\      ([k)  vU;k; dh ekj dkSu >syrk gS\\\\   (x)  bl xn~;ka'k dk mi;qDr 'kh\\\"kZd crkb,A\"","\" 129 (izLrqr ikB esa vtark ,yksjk dh xqiQkvksa dk cgqr gh euksje o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA lpeqp Hkkjrh; laL\\u00d1fr dh  >yd bu xqiQkvksa esa feyrh gSA bu xqiQkvksa esa Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk osQ vuqie mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA lkFk gh gekjs ns'k  dh lkaL\\u00d1frd \\\/jksgj osQ fo\\\"k; esa egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh feyrh gSA) eSa cgqr fnuksa osQ ckn vius pkpkth osQ ?kj vkSjaxkckn tk jgk FkkA lkFk esa nks fe=k Hkh FksA iwjs  jkLrs cpiu dh ;knsa fI + kQYe dh Hkk\\u00a1fr vk\\u00a1[kksa osQ lkeus vkus yxh FkhaA vius HkkbZ&cguksa osQ lkFk  ge vDlj vtark vkSj ,yksjk dh xqiQk,\\u00a1 ns[kus tk;k djrs FksA vkt eSa vius fe=kksa osQ lkFk mlh  ,sfrgkfld dykRedrk osQ n'kZu djus tkm\\u00a1QxkA ;g lkspdj eu vR;ar izlUurk dk vuqHko dj jgk  FkkA ?kj igq\\u00a1pdj pkpkth us cM+s I;kj ls ge lcdk Lokxr fd;kA eSaus \\u201d;knk le; u x\\u00a1okrs gq,  mUgsa vius dk;Z\\u00d8e dh lwpuk nh rks os Hkh gekjs lkFk pyus dks rS;kj gks x,A vtark dh xqiQkvksa dks ns[kus dk dk;Z\\u00d8e igys cukA ge lc viuh dkj ls ogk\\u00a1 igq\\u00a1psA jkLrs  esa pkpkth fo'ks\\\"k tkudkfj;k\\u00a1 Hkh nsrs tk jgs FksA lquus esa vtark ,yksjk ,d gh yxrs gSa ysfdu pkpkth us crk;k fd buosQ chp de ls de  100 fdyksehVj dh nwjh gSA nksuksa osQ chp dkiQh fo\\\"kerk,\\u00a1 Hkh gSaA pkpkth gesa nksuksa xqiQkvksa dk  varj crkrs gq, cksys fd vtark dh xqiQkvksa dks ,d igkM+ dks dkVdj cuk;k x;k gS tcfd ,yksjk  esa dbZ igkfM+;ksa dks dkVk x;k FkkA D;ksafd ,yksjk dh xqiQk,\\u00a1 dkI + kQh cM+s {ks=k esa iSQyh gSa tcfd  vtark dh xqiQk,\\u00a1 ,d osQ ckn ,d cjkcj yxh gqbZ gSaA 7oha 'krkCnh esa cuh vtark vkSj ,yksjk xqiQkvksa dh fp=kdkjh Hkkjrh; fp=kdkjh dk loksZRre  mnkgj.k gSaA izkphu dky esa Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk \\\/kfeZd Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr FkhA blfy, bu xqiQkvksa  esa feyus okyh ewfrZ;ksa vkSj fp=kksa esa fganw] ckSn~\\\/  rFkk tSu \\\/eZ dk izHkko Li\\\"V fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA  vtark dh xqiQkvksa dk fuekZ.k dk;Z yxHkx 1000  o\\\"kZ  rd  pykA  esjs  fe=k  iznhi  dks  cM+h  gSjkuh   gqbZ fd brus o\\\"kks\\u00b1 rd dk;Z pyus ij Hkh ewfrZ;ksa  dh dykRedrk esa \\u201dkjk&lk Hkh I + kQoZQ ns[kus dks  ugha feyrkA gjh'k us pkpkth ls iwNk\\u03bc\\u00b6pkpkth]  bu xqiQkvksa dk uke vtark D;ksa iM+k\\\\ \\u0327 pkpkth  g\\u00a1lrs  gq,  cksys\\u03bc\\u00b6HkbZ]  vtark  xk\\u00a1o  dk  uke  gS   vtark ,yksjk dh xqQk,\\u00a1 16\"","\" 130 tks ;gk\\u00a1 ls 3 ;k 4 fdyksehVj nwj gS] mlh osQ uke ij bu xqiQkvksa dk ukedj.k gqvk gS tks ?kus  taxyksa ls f?kjha] ?kksM+s osQ uky osQ vkdkj dh cuh gSaA \\u0327 vtark dk Lo:i eB tSlk gS ftlesa dbZ  fogkj rFkk pSR; x`g gSaA izR;sd xqiQkvksa esa tkrd dFkk,\\u00a1] cqn~\\\/ dh fofHkUu eqnzk,\\u00a1] eqnzkvksa esa nq[k  dh ifjHkk\\\"kk] psgjs ij oSjkX; vkSj lalkj dks tku ysus dk Hkko fny dks Nw tkrk gSA fHk{kqvksa osQ  fofHkUu f\\u00d8;kdyki] nku dh xkFkk,\\u00a1 vkSj ,slh gh vla[; fp=kdFkk,\\u00a1 bu xqiQkvksa esa iSQyh gqbZ gSaA  oqQy feykdj 30 xqiQk,\\u00a1 gSa ftuesa 5 pSR; x`g gSa vkSj 'ks\\\"k 25 fogkj gSaA gjh'k us pkpkth ls iwNk\\u03bc\\u00b6pkpkth] buosQ ckjs esa irk oSQls pyk gksxk\\\\ vkl&ikl rks nwj&nwj  rd iSQyk taxy gh taxy gSA \\u0327 pkpkth us crk;k\\u03bc\\u00b61819 esa fczfV'k lsuk dh enzkl jsftesUV osQ ,d  lsuk vf\\\/dkjh tkWu fLeFk us budks lcls igys ns[kkA og taxyksa esa f'kdkj djus vk;k Fkk ysfdu  isM+ksa vkSj iRrksa ls <dh bu xqiQkvksa dks ns[k fofLer gks mBkA \\u0327 lhf<+;ksa n~okjk tc ge igyh xqiQk esa igq\\u00a1ps rks ns[kk fd iqjkrRo foHkkx us ,d] nks] rhu ---  djosQ xqiQkvksa dk \\u00d8ekad Mkyk gqvk gSA bl \\u00d8e dk bu xqiQkvksa osQ fuekZ.k dky ls dksbZ laca\\u00e8k  ugha gSA vtark dh xqiQk,\\u00a1 euq\\\"; n~okjk fufeZr cstksM+ xqiQk,\\u00a1 gSa ftUgsa izfrfnu vla[; ns'kh&fons'kh  lSykuh ns[kus vkrs gSaA buesa izk\\u00d1frd jaxksa dk iz;ksx bruk c[kwch gqvk gS fd dbZ o\\\"kks\\u00b1 ckn Hkh og  ltho yxrh gSaA xqiQk uacj ,d esa in~eikf.k cqn~\\\/ dh izfrek cjcl eu dks [khap ysrh gSA blesa fofHkUu dks.kksa  ls cqn~\\\/ osQ psgjs ij fHkUu&fHkUu Hkko fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA tSls\\u03bcnkfguh fn'kk ls cqn~\\\/ dh vk\\u00d1fr esa  xaHkhj fparu osQ Hkko O;Dr gksrs gSa tcfd lkeus ,oa ckb\\u00b1 vksj ls izdk'k Mkyus ij ogh vk\\u00d1fr  'kkar vkSj \\u00e8;kuLFk eqnzk esa cny tkrh gSA xqiQk 16 vkSj 17 xqIrdkyhu xqiQk,\\u00a1 gSa ftuesa tkrd  dFkk,\\u00a1 fn[kkbZ xbZ gSaA ;gk\\u00a1 Lrwi dh iwtk dh tkrh Fkh vkSj ;s xqiQk,\\u00a1 ydM+h dh cuh gqbZ yxrh gSaA  ;s 'krkfCn;ksa ls ckSn~\\\/] fganw vkSj tSu \\\/eZ osQ izfr lefiZr xqiQk,\\u00a1 gSaA ;s lgu'khyrk dh Hkkouk dks  Hkh iznf'kZr djrh gSaA buesa vusd izdkj osQ iwQy&ifRr;ksa] o`{kksa] i'kq vk\\u00d1fr;ksa vkfn ls ltkoV dk  dke fd;k x;k gSA bu fp=kksa dh ,d fo'ks\\\"krk ;g Hkh gS fd ;s vkil esa ,d&nwljs ls tqM+h gqb\\u00b1  gSaA bUgsa vyx&vyx Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA buesa xqiQk uacj NCchl esa cqn~\\\/ dh  ysVh gqbZ fo'kky izfrek ns[krs gh curh gSA bu fp=kksa dks pV~Vku dh lrg ij cuk;k x;k gS ftls  NSuh ls NksVs xM~<s djosQ [kk\\u00a1pksa esa ijr yxkdj cuk;k x;k gSA bu fp=kksa esa xksan] iwQy&ifRr;k\\u00a1 pkoy dk ekaM rFkk oLrqvksa dk lfEeJ.k dj cuk;k x;k gSA  g\\u201dkkjksa o\\\"kZ ckn Hkh budk jax gYdk ugha iM+kA ;s fHkfRr fp=k ugha dgs tk ldrs D;ksafd fHkfRr fp=k  xhys IykLVj ij gh cuk, tkrs gSa tcfd bUgsa IykLVj lw[k tkus osQ ckn cuk;k x;k gSA bu xqiQkvksa  dh Nrksa ij Hkh Hkxoku cqn~\\\/ osQ thou ls lacaf\\\/r ?kVukvksa dks mosQjk x;k gSA pkpkth us crk;k fd bu fp=kksa dks lqjf{kr djus osQ jlk;u us dkiQh fp=kksa dks uqdlku igq\\u00a1pk;k  gSA rFkkfi bu xqiQkvksa esa ge bruk [kks x, fd le; dk irk gh ugha pyk vkSj 'kke osQ ik\\u00a1p ctus \"","\" 131 ls igys gh xkMZ gesa ckgj tkus dk vkxzg djus yxsA vc ,yksjk tkus dk le; Hkh ugha cpk Fkk  blfy, ge lcus ?kj ykSV tkuk mfpr le>kA lpeqp] bu xqiQkvksa esa xkSre cqn~\\\/ osQ thou osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa dks ns[kdj ,slk yx jgk  Fkk fd ekuks xkSre cqn~\\\/ \\u00e8;kueqnzk esa cSBs vkt Hkh 'kkafr] ln~Hkko o ,drk dk lans'k lquk jgs gSaA  vxyh lqcg ge yksx ,yksjk dh xqiQk,\\u00a1 ns[kus py fn,A ;s xqiQk,\\u00a1 os:y uked LFkku ij cuh gSaA  ;s xqiQk,\\u00a1 Tokykeq[kh; cslkYVh iRFkjksa dks dkVdj cukbZ xbZ gSaA ;s Hkh lg~;kfnz ioZrekyk dk fgLlk  gSaA budk fuekZ.k jk\\\"V\\u00aaowQV osQ le; gqvkA buesa oSQyk'k xqiQk lcls vf\\\/d izfln~\\\/ gSA ckSn~\\\/ \\\/eZ]  tSu \\\/eZ vkSj fganqRo ls izHkkfor ;s f'kYidyk,\\u00a1 igkM+ esa foLr`r iPphdkjh fn[kkrh gSaA ,d js[kk esa  O;ofLFkr 34 xqiQkvksa esa ckSn~\\\/ pSR; ;k iwtk d{k] fogkj ;k eB vkSj fganw rFkk tSu eafnj cuk,  x, gSaA nf{k.k dh vksj dh 12 xqiQk,\\u00a1 ckSn~\\\/ \\\/eZ] e\\u00e8; dh 17 xqiQk,\\u00a1 fganw \\\/eZ rFkk mRrj dh ik\\u00a1p  xqiQk,\\u00a1 tSu \\\/eZ ij vk\\\/kfjr gSaA ;s lHkh NSuh vkSj gFkkSM+s ls rjk'kdj cukbZ xbZ ewfrZ;k\\u00a1 gSaA pkpkth us ,yksjk osQ ckjs esa vkSj Hkh fnypLi tkudkfj;k\\u00a1 nhaA bldk oSQyk'kukFk eafnj okLrqdyk  dk vn~Hkqr uewuk gS ftls iRFkj osQ osQoy ,d [kaHks ij uDdk'kh dj cuk;k x;k gSA bl eafnj esa  ,d izos'kn~okj] eaMi] lHkk d{k] Vkoj vkSj ,dkar d{k Hkh gSa ftUgsa ,d gh pV~Vku dks rjk'kdj  x<+k x;k gSA  nks fnuksa osQ ckn ge Hkkjr dh bl xkSjo'kkyh dykRedrk dks viuh vk\\u00a1[kksa vkSj \\u00e2n; esa clkdj  fnYyh ykSV vk, FksA ysfdu eu vHkh Hkh mu xqiQkvksa esa ?kwe jgk FkkA \\u03bcladfyr u, 'kCn fo\\\"kerk,\\u00a1   \\u03bc vlekurk,\\u00a1  ln~Hkko   \\u03bc 'kqHk Hkko vksr&izksr  \\u03bc iw.kZr% fefJr  foLr`r   \\u03bc iSQyko dykRedrk \\u03bc dyk ls ;qDr  O;ofLFkr \\u03bc O;oLFkk dh xbZ cstksM+  \\u03bc ftldk tksM+ u gks  fnypLi  \\u03bc e\\u201dksnkj] jkspd \\u00e8;kuLFk    \\u03bc \\u00e8;ku eXu  vn~Hkqr   \\u03bc vuks[kk lefiZr    \\u03bc leiZ.k fd;k gqvk  uDdk'kh  \\u03bc \\\/krq] iRFkj ;k dkB ij [kksndj lfEeJ.k   \\u03bc feykoV] feykuk      csy&cwVs cukus dh dyk \\u00e8;kueqnzk   \\u03bc \\u00e8;ku dh fLFkfr  d{k     \\u03bc dejk vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills vkSjaxkckn     ,sfrgkfld     fo\\\"kerk,\\u00a1     dk;Z\\u00d8e     loksZRre     fofLer      \\u00d8ekad iznf'kZr       fHkfRr         \\u00e8;kueqnzk       lg~;kfnz       pSR;        fnypLi       izos'kn~okj\"","\" 132 ikB dh ckr   Comprehension Skills \\u2022   uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  ikB esa fdl txg dh ;k=kk dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS\\\\   ([k)  vtark&,yksjk dgk\\u00a1 fLFkr gSa\\\\   (x)  bu xqiQkvksa esa cus fp=k fdl 'krkCnh esa cus Fks\\\\   (?k)  bu xqiQkvksa osQ fp=kksa ij fdu \\\/eks\\u00b1 dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gS\\\\      (\\u00c4)  vtark esa oqQy fdruh xqiQk,\\u00a1 gSa\\\\       fyf[kr      (d)  bu xqiQkvksa dh lcls igys [kkst fdlus vkSj dc dh\\\\   ([k)  bu xqiQkvksa dk fuekZ.k fdl izdkj fd;k x;k\\\\   (x)  bu xqiQkvksa dh D;k fo'ks\\\"krk,\\u00a1 gSa\\\\   (?k)  vtark dh xqiQkvksa esa fdldks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gS\\\\      (\\u00c4)  ,yksjk dh xqiQk,\\u00a1 fdl iRFkj dks dkVdj cukbZ xbZ gSa\\\\      (p)  ,yksjk esa fdruh xqiQk,\\u00a1 gSa\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  oSQyk'kukFk eafnj dgk\\u00a1 ij gS vkSj bldh D;k fo'ks\\\"krk,\\u00a1 gSa\\\\   ([k)  vtark vkSj ,yksjk dh xqiQkvksa dk o.kZu vius 'kCnksa esa dhft,A   (x)  vtark esa in~eikf.k cqn~\\\/ dh izfrek dk mYys[k dhft,A       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  ,yksjk dh xqiQkvksa dk fuekZ.k fdlosQ le; esa gqvk\\\\  jk\\\"V\\u00aaowQV   jk\\\"V\\u00aaowQy   jk\\\"V\\u00aa:i      ([k)  ,yksjk dh nf{k.k dh vksj dh 12 xqiQk,\\u00a1 fdl ij vk\\\/kfjr gSa\\\\  fganw \\\/eZ   ckSn~\\\/ \\\/eZ   tSu \\\/eZ   (x)  bu xqiQkvksa dh [kkst fdl o\\\"kZ gqbZ\\\\  1820   1819   1821 oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-   o.kks\\u00b1 osQ esy ls 'kCn vkSj 'kCn ls in vkSj inksa osQ lkFkZd esy ls  okD;  curs gSaA tSls\\u03bcHkkjr dh mRrjh  fn'kk esa ioZrjkt fgeky; fLFkr gSA\"","\" 133      jpuk osQ vk\\\/kj ij okD; osQ rhu Hksn gSa\\u03bc    \\u2022   ljy okD; \\u03bcblesa ,d drkZ] deZ vkSj f\\u00d8;k gksrh gSA    \\u2022   la;qDr okD; \\u03bcblesa nks ljy okD;ksa dks leqPp;cks\\\/dksa n~okjk tksM+k tkrk gSA    \\u2022   feJ okD; \\u03bcblesa ,d okD; iz\\\/ku gksrk gS rFkk vU; xkS.k ;k vkfJr okD; gksrs gSaA vkfJr miokD;  eq[; miokD; ls O;f\\\/dj.k ;kstdksa ls tqM+s jgrs gSaA      uhps fn, okD; osQ Hksn igpkudj mldk uke fyf[k,A      (d)  lqjs'k dkj pyk jgk gS vkSj xkuk xk jgk gSA                    ([k)  eSa rqEgkjs lkFk pyrk ij dy eq>s okil tkuk gksxkA                 (x)  pkpkth us ge lcdk Lokxr fd;kA                 (?k)  ;fn le; ij o\\\"kkZ gksrh rks iQly vPNh gksrhA                    (\\u00c4)  ;s xqiQk,\\u00a1 os:y uked LFkku ij cuh gSaA                 2-   tks vO;; okD; esa fdlh 'kCn dks cy iznku djus osQ fy, iz;qDr fd, tkrs gS] os  fuikr  dgykrs gSaA  tSls\\u03bcgh] Hkh] rks] rd] ek=k] ugha] gk\\u00a1] th vkfn fuikr gSaA     mnkgj.k nsf[k,\\u03bcrqe vkrs  rks  eSa pyrkA      uhps fn, okD;ksa esa mfpr fuikr 'kCn fyf[k,A      (d)  pkpkth fo'ks\\\"k tkudkfj;k\\u00a1             nsrs tk jgs FksA (Hkh] rks] rd)   ([k)  g\\u201dkkjksa o\\\"kZ ckn             budk jax gYdk ugha iM+kA (rks] gh] Hkh)   (x)  ge bruk [kks x, fd le; dk irk             ugha pykA (Hkh] gh] rks)      (?k)      eSa                 rqEgkjs ?kj vkm\\u00a1QxkA (Hkh] gh] rks)      (\\u00c4)      rqe     dgha                 jgks eSa rqEgsa <w\\u00a1<+             yw\\u00a1xkA (Hkh] gh] rks)   3-  uhps fn, x, okD;ksa esa mfpr LFkkuksa ij fojke&fpg~u yxkb,A      (d)  izkphu dky esaa Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk \\\/kfeZd Hkkouk ls vksr izksr Fkh   ([k)  iqjkrRo foHkkx us ,d nks rhu djosQ xqiQkvksa dk \\u00d8ekad Mkyk gqvk gS   (x)  buosQ ckjs esa irk oSQls pyk gksxk   (?k)  bl eafnj esa ,d izos'kn~okj eaMi lHkk d{k Vkoj vkSj ,dkar d{k Hkh gSa      (\\u00c4)  vksg vki ogk\\u00a1 tk pqosQ gSa   4-  uhps fn, okD;ksa esa vdeZd ;k ldeZd f\\u00d8;k igpkudj fyf[k,A      (d)  yM+dk lks jgk gSA                           ([k)  vuU;k g\\u00a1l jgh gSA                        (x)  lkFk esa nks fe=k Hkh FksA                        (?k)  vtark dk Lo:i eB tSlk gSA                           (\\u00c4)  ;s lHkh NSuh vkSj gFkkSM+s ls rjk'kdj cukbZ xbZ ewfrZ;k\\u00a1 gSaA                     \"","\" 134   5-  funsZ'kkuqlkj  mRrj  nhft,A      (d)  ikB esa vk, nks vaxzs\\u201dkh 'kCnA                     ([k)  ikB esa vk, n~foRo O;atu ls cus ik\\u00a1p 'kCnA                                                               (x)  iRrh] xqiQk] ewfrZ] lh<+hA (opu cnfy,A)                                                (?k)  'kkafr] fo'kky] fuekZ.k] uqdlku] ,dkarA (foykse 'kCn fyf[k,A)                                                                 (\\u00c4)  fo\\\"ke] dykRed] lgu'khyA (^rk* izR;; yxkb,A)                                                   (p)  ^izfrfnu* vkSj ^iqjkrRo* (milxZ crkb,A)                  6-  eqgkojksa osQ lgh vFkZ pqudj ( \\uf050 ) yxkb,A      (d)     vkdk'k     Nwuk     \\u03bc       c<+ p<+dj ckrsa djuk   cgqr m\\u00a1Qpk gksuk   rax gksuk      ([k)  dej lh\\\/h djuk \\u03bc   lksuk   vkjke djuk   xqLlk gksuk      (x)     rkjs     rksM+uk      \\u03bc       eqf'dy dke djuk   dke vklku djuk   Hksn tkuuk   (?k)  rhu rsjg djuk   \\u03bc   ?k`.kk djuk   frrj&fcrj djuk   cgqr pqHkuk      (\\u00c4)  rw&rw] eSa&eSa djuk \\u03bc   >xM+k djuk   ijs'kku gksuk   tedj jguk oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Information Gathering and Writing Skills   1-  Hkkjr esa cgqr lkjh izkphu xqiQk,\\u00a1 gSa] tSls\\u03bc,yhisQaVk dh xqiQk,\\u00a1] Hkhe csVdk dh xqiQk,\\u00a1 vkfnA buosQ ckjs  esa baVjusV ls tkfu, ,d lfp=k iz\\u201dksaVs'ku rS;kj dhft,A   2-  vius 'kgj osQ vkl&ikl dh bekjrksa dh lwph cukb,A muesa ls fdlh ,d ,sfrgkfld egRo dh bekjr  osQ fo\\\"k; esa fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A \\u2022  bekjr dk uke D;k gS\\\\ \\u2022  mls fdlus cuok;k\\\\ \\u2022  og dgk\\u00a1 fLFkr gS\\\\ \\u2022  fdl lnh dh gS\\\\ \\u2022  mlosQ vkl&ikl osQ LFkku dk j[k&j[kko oSQlk gS\\\\ \\u2022  dkSu&lh jk\\\"V\\u00aah; ;k izknsf'kd laLFkk mldh ns[kHkky djrh gS\\\\\"","\" 135 \\u2022  mldk fp=k cukb, ;k mldh iQksVks fpidkb,A \\u2022  mls ns[kdj vkiosQ eu esa D;k izfrf\\u00d8;k gqbZ\\\\   3-  vius fe=k dks i=k ;k bZ&esy osQ ek\\u00e8;e ls fnYyh osQ ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa dh tkudkjh nhft,A   4-  lekpkj&i=kksa esa ls ,d lIrkg osQ eq[; lekpkjksa dks if<+, vkSj mUgsa viuh dkWih esa fyf[k,A   5-  'kSf{kd Hkze.k gsrq ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa ij v\\u00e8;kfidk n~okjk fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks ys tkus osQ fy, ,d lwpuk ys[ku  dk mnkgj.k ;gk\\u00a1 fn;k tk jgk gSA        mnkgj.k\\u03bc uo;qx fon~;ky; ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa osQ Hkze.k gsrq lwpuk fnukad %               lHkh fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd  vxys  eghus  7  vxLr  osQ  fnu  fon~;kfFkZ;ksa   dks ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa osQ Hkze.k gsrq ys tk;k  tk,xkA  bPNqd  fon~;kFkhZ  Jhefr  banq  'kekZ   (d{kk  v\\u00e8;kfidk  d{kk&vkB  ^c*)  ls  rqjar   laioZQ djsaA Jherh banq jkuh d{kk v\\u00e8;kfidk d{kk\\u03bcvkBoha ^c* laLFkk@fon~;ky; dk uke lwpuk dk fo\\\"k; fnukad %               fo\\\"k;                                                                                                                                             gLrk{kj inuke LFkku@irk      vc vki vius fon~;ky; esa fuca\\\/ izfr;ksfxrk osQ fy, fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks vkeaf=kr djrs gq, ,d lwpuk rS;kj  dhft,A ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  izkphu vkSj vk\\\/qfud dky dh rduhd esa D;k varj gS\\\\   2-  Hkkjr dh fof'k\\\"Vrk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, vki D;k ;ksxnku nsaxs\\\\\"","\" (izLrqr dfork jke\\\/kjh flag ^fnudj* n~okjk jfpr ^oqQ#{ks=k* uked iqLrd ls yh xbZ gSA egkHkkjr osQ ;qn~\\\/ dh  lekfIr ij fujk'k ;qf\\\/f\\\"Bj Hkh\\\"e firkeg osQ ikl tkrs gSa rks os mUgsa 'kfDr vkSj {kek dk egRo le>krs gq, dgrs  gSa fd fouezrk ,d vPNk xq.k gSA vR;f\\\/d fouez rFkk fou;h O;fDr dks Hkh le; vkus ij dHkh&dHkh vius  cy dk ifjp; nsuk iM+rk gS vU;Fkk tx mudh fouezrk dk vuqfpr ykHk mBkus esa Hkh ladksp ugha djrkA 'kfDr  vkSj {kek nksuksa ,d&nwljs osQ iwjd gSa rFkk nksuksa ,d&nwljs osQ fcuk v\\\/wjs gSaA) {kek] n;k] ri] R;kx] eukscy lcdk fy;k lgkjkA ij uj&O;k?kz! lq;ks\\\/u rqels dgks] dgk\\u00a1] dc gkjk\\\\ {kek'khy gks] fjiq le{k rqe gq, four ftruk gh] nq\\\"V dkSjoksa us rqedks dk;j le>k mruk ghA vR;kpkj lgu djus dk oqQiQy ;gh gksrk gS] ikS#\\\"k dk vkrad euqt dksey gksdj [kksrk gSA {kek 'kksHkrh ml Hkqtax dks ftlosQ ikl xjy gks] mldks D;k] tks narghu] fo\\\"kjfgr] fouhr] ljy gksA 'kfDr vkSj {kek 17 136\"","\" rhu fn ol rd iaFk ek\\u00a1xrs j?kqifr fla\\\/q fdukjs] cSBs i<+rs jgs Nan vuqu; osQ I;kjs&I;kjsA mRrj esa tc ,d ukn Hkh mBk ugha lkxj ls] mBh v\\\/hj \\\/\\\/d ikS#\\\"k dh vkx jke osQ 'kj lsA fla\\\/q nsg \\\/j ^=kkfg&=kkfg* djrk vk fxjk 'kj.k esa] pj.k iwt] nklrk xzg.k dh] c\\u00a1\\\/k ew<+ ca\\\/u esaA lp iwNks] rks 'kj esa gh clrh gS nhfIr fou; dh] laf\\\/&opu laiwT; mlh dk ftlesa 'kfDr fot; dhA lgu'khyrk] {kek] n;k dks rHkh iwtrk tx gS] cy dk niZ pedrk mlosQ ihNs tc txex gSA \\u03bcjke\\\/kjh flag ^fnudj* 137\"","\" 138 dfo ifjp; %  jke\\\/kjh flag fnudj dk tUe 23 flracj] 1908 esa flefj;k xk\\u00a1o] fcgkj esa gqvk FkkA bUgsa jk\\\"V\\u00aadfo  dh mikf\\\/ Hkh izkIr gSA moZ'kh dkO;xzaFk osQ dkj.k bUgsa Hkkjrh; KkuihB iqjLdkj rFkk in~e foHkw\\\"k.k dh mikf\\\/ ls  vya\\u00d1r Hkh fd;k x;kA budh e`R;q 24 vizSy] 1974 esa gqbZA u, 'kCn eukscy  \\u03bc vkRek dk cy@eu dh rkdr  Nan  \\u03bc 'yksd uj&O;k?kz  \\u03bc ck?k osQ leku 'kfDr'kkyh iq#\\\"k  vuqu;    \\u03bc fourh lq;ks\\\/u  \\u03bc nq;ksZ\\\/u  ukn  \\u03bc Loj] vkok\\u201dk {kek'khy \\u03bc {kek djusokyk  'kj  \\u03bc ck.k fjiq  \\u03bc 'k=kq  =kkfg&=kkfg \\u03bc cpkvks] j{kk djks four    \\u03bc >qdk gqvk] uez  ew<+  \\u03bc ew[kZ] vKkuh ikS#\\\"k    \\u03bc 'kfDr] ijk\\u00d8e] ohjrk  nhfIr     \\u03bc ped Hkqtax    \\u03bc liZ  laf\\\/opu  \\u03bc lqyg&le>kSrs dk izLrko xjy    \\u03bc fo\\\"k  laiwT;    \\u03bc iwtk osQ ;ksX; narghu   \\u03bc fcuk nk\\u00a1r okyk  niZ  \\u03bc ?keaM fouhr   \\u03bc   fouez    vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills eukscy        O;k?kz         lq;ks\\\/u        fjiq         le{k        oqQiQy        euqt Hkqtax         vuqu;         ikS#\\\"k         =kkfg         ew<+         laiwT;         lgu'khyrk dfork dh ckr   Comprehension Skills \\u2022   uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  dfork esa dkSu fdlls ckr dj jgk gS\\\\   ([k)  nq;ksZ\\\/u dks le>kus osQ fy, fdu&fdu xq.kksa dk lgkjk fy;k x;k Fkk\\\\   (x)  Hkqtax dk xq.k D;k gS\\\\   (?k)  fdldk laf\\\/&izLrko ekuk tkrk gS\\\\      (\\u00c4)  dfo us dkSjoksa dks nq\\\"V D;ksa dgk gS\\\\      (p)  leqnz osQ nsg \\\/kj.k djus dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\\\\       fyf[kr      (d)  Jhjke us leqnz ls D;k izkFkZuk dh\\\\\"","\" 139      ([k)  leqnz Jhjke osQ pj.kksa esa D;k dgrk gqvk fxj iM+k\\\\   (x)  fdl izdkj osQ O;fDr dks fouezrk dk xq.k 'kksHkk nsrk gS\\\\   (?k)  lalkj esa {kek vkSj n;k tSls xq.kksa dks dc ekuk tkrk gS\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  dfork esa nq;ksZ\\\/u dh miek O;k?kz ls D;ksa dh xbZ gS\\\\   ([k)  dkSjo ikaMoksa dks dk;j D;ksa le>rs Fks\\\\   (x)  fou;h jke dks vius \\\/uq\\\"k dh izR;apk ij ck.k D;ksa p<+kuk iM+k\\\\   (?k)  'kfDr vkSj {kek ,d&nwljs osQ iwjd gSa\\\\ oSQls\\\\      (\\u00c4)  dfork dk lkj vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A      (p)  vk'k; Li\\\"V dhft,A  ( i )  {kek 'kksHkrh ml Hkqtax dks ftlosQ ikl xjy gksA     mldks D;k] tks narghu] fo\\\"kjfgr] fouhr] ljy gksA  ( ii )  lp iwNks] rks 'kj esa gh clrh gS nhIrh fou; dh]     laf\\\/&opu laiwT; mlh dk ftlesa 'kfDr fot; dhA       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  euq\\\"; vius iqjQ\\\"kRo dk xkSjo oSQls [kksrk gS\\\\  lgu'khy cudj    dksey gksdj   l[r cudj      ([k)  fdrus fnol j?kqifr iaFk ek\\u00a1xrs jgs\\\\  rhu fnol   ik\\u00a1p fnol   nks fnol oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-  if<+,  vkSj  lef>,A      okP; dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS\\u03bccksyus dk fo\\\"k;A okD; esa iz;qDr fozQ;k dHkh drkZ osQ vuqlkj vkSj dHkh deZ  osQ vuqlkj gksrh gSA vr% fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls bl ckr dk cks\\\/ gks fd fozQ;k dk eq[; fo\\\"k; drkZ gS]  deZ gS vFkok Hkko]  okP;  dgykrk gSA     fganh esa okP; osQ rhu :i gSaA      (d)      drZ`okP; \\u03bcblesa fozQ;k dks djus okyk gh iz\\\/ku gksrk gS rFkk fozQ;k drkZ osQ fyax vkSj opu osQ  vuqlkj iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA tSls\\u03bcehuw i=k fy[krh gSA      ([k)      deZokP; \\u03bcblesa lHkh fozQ;k,\\u00a1 deZ osQ vuqlkj gksrh gSa rFkk drkZ iz\\\/ku u gksdj deZ iz\\\/ku gksrk  gSA okD; esa iz;qDr fozQ;k fyax] opu osQ vuqlkj cny tkrh gSA tSls\\u03bcvuU;k osQ n~okjk jLlh owQnh  tkrh gSA      (x)      HkkookP; \\u03bcblesa drkZ] deZ dh vis{kk Hkko iz\\\/ku gksrk gS rFkk fozQ;k Hkko osQ vuqlkj cny tkrh  gSA tSls\\u03bcnhik ls i<+k ugha tkrkA\"","\" 140      uhps fn, okD;ksa esa mfpr okP;&Hksn fyf[k,A      (d)  i{kh vkdk'k esa mM+rs gSaA                  ([k)  fgj.k ls nkSM+k tkrk gSA               (x)  iquhr n~okjk dkj pykbZ tkrh gSA               (?k)  ;'k dfork i<+rk gSA                  (\\u00c4)  eukst ls xk;k ugha tkrkA               2-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ milxZ ;k izR;; ls nks&nks 'kCn cukb,A      (d)  lq;ks\\\/u (milxZ lq)     \\u03bc                                   ([k)  {kek'khy (izR;; ^'khy)  \\u03bc                                (x)  fo\\\"kjfgr (izR;; ^jfgr*) \\u03bc                                (?k)  narghu (izR;; ^ghu*)   \\u03bc                                   (\\u00c4)  laiwT; (milxZ ^le~*)   \\u03bc                                   (p)  oqQiQy (milxZ ^oqQ*)    \\u03bc                                3-  funsZ'kkuqlkj   mRrj  nhft,A      (d)  ikS#\\\"k dk ewy'kCn  \\u03bc                    ([k)  ew<+ dk rn~Hko 'kCn  \\u03bc                 (x)  dfork esa vk, nks ;qXe 'kCn  \\u03bc                                (?k)  ^fjiq* 'kCn dh mRifRr Hkk\\\"kk   \\u03bc                    (\\u00c4)  ^oqQiQy* dk vFkZ  \\u03bc                 4-  ^t* dk vFkZ gS ^ls mRiUu*A ;gk\\u00a1 fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ^t* izR;; yxkdj buosQ vFkZ fyf[k,A      (d)     euq     $                  \\u00be                                                                ([k)     ty     $                  \\u00be                                                                (x)     iad     $                  \\u00be                                                                (?k)     vxz     $                  \\u00be                                                                (\\u00c4)     vuq     $                  \\u00be                                                             5-  uhps fn, fo'ks\\\"k.kksa osQ fy, ,d mi;qDr fo'ks\\\"; fyf[k,A     fo'ks\\\"k.k                                 fo'ks\\\";      (d)     fo'kky        egku      izkphu                        ([k)     jkspd        Kkuon~\\\/Zd       eksVh                        (x)     mi;ksxh       dM+oh      ykHknk;d                        (?k)     u;k      fof'k\\\"V         ifjfpr                        (\\u00c4)     papy        xgjh      xfr'khy                      lqoqQekj         lqfuf'pr\"","\" 141   6-  dfork esa ^j* osQ fofHkUu :iksa esa vk, 'kCn fyf[k,A      ^j* ls cuk 'kCn  \\u03bc                ^   Z   * ls cuk 'kCn  \\u03bc                    chp esa vk;k ^j* \\u03bc                 ^#* dk 'kCn    \\u03bc                    ^ \\u00aa* dk 'kCn     \\u03bc                 ^xz* dk 'kCn    \\u03bc                 7-  uhps fn, okD;ksa dks funsZ'kkuqlkj ifjofrZr dhft,A      (d)  fufdrk us xkuk lh[kk vkSj gesa lquk;kA  (feJokD; esa cnfy,)   ([k)  nknkth us v[kckj i<+k vkSj j[k fn;kA  (ljy okD; esa cnfy,)                                                                    (x)  vrqy lksdj mBrs gh dljr djus yxkA  (la;qDr okD; esa cnfy,)   (?k)  vf{krk ck\\u201dkkj xbZ gS D;ksafd mls iqLrd [kjhnuh gSA  (ljy okD; esa cnfy,)      (\\u00c4)  ifjJeh O;fDr osQ fy, oqQN Hkh eqf'dy ugha gksrkA  (feJ okD; esa cnfy,) oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Speaking, Social and Writing Skills   1-  dkSjoksa vkSj ikaMoksa osQ ;qn~\\\/ dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\\\\ blosQ ckjs esa  www.youtube.com  ij tkdj egkHkkjr  osQ n`'; nsf[k,A   2-  D;k \\u00d8ks\\\/ dHkh fdlh leL;k dk lek\\\/ku dj ldrk gS\\\\ blosQ i{k ;k foi{k esa viuk roZQ izLrqr dhft,A   3-  jke osQ cpiu ls tqM+h ?kVukvksa ij d{kk esa lewg cukdj vfHku; dhft,A   4-  jke vkSj leqnz osQ chp gqbZ okrkZyki dks laokn osQ :i esa fyf[k,A   5-  ^vR;kpkj lguk Hkh dk;jrk gSA* bl ij vuqPNsn fyf[k,A  6- fganh osQ egku dfo;ksa n~okjk fyf[kr ohj jl dh dforkvksa dk ladyu dj dkO;&ikB dk vk;kstu  dhft,A ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  viuh fdlh ckr dks euokus osQ fy, ekrk&firk osQ lkFk vki fdl izdkj ls O;ogkj djrs gSa\\\\   2-  ^{kek* dk xq.k euq\\\"; osQ thou esa D;ksa \\u201dk:jh gS\\\\   3-  Hkkjr dks vk\\u201dkknh fnykus eas lSU;cy dh vis{kk lgu'khyrk rFkk fouezrk us vf\\\/d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk oSQls  fuHkkbZ\\\\\"","\" 142 (bl ikB osQ ek\\u00e8;e ls eksgu jkosQ'k us foKkiuksa osQ c<+rs izpyu ij O;aX; fd;k gSA vkt lalkj dh izR;sd oLrq  fcdkmQ gS ftl dkj.k foKkiuksa dh Hkjekj us thou esa mFky&iqFky epk nh gSA lalkj dh izR;sd oLrq foKkfir  dh tkus yxh gSA ys[kd vius dks Hkh fdlh oLrq dk foKkiu le>us yxk gSA) esjs iM+ksfl;ksa dh eq> ij ,slh \\u00d1ik gS fd jkr dks  lksus rd vkSj lqcg mBus osQ lkFk gh eq>s x\\u201dkysa]  Hktu vkSj xhr_ vkSj muosQ lkFk&lkFk pk;] rsy vkSj  fljnnZ dh fVfd;ksa osQ foKkiu lquus iM+rs gSaA vc  rks eq>s ;s foKkiu lquus dh ,slh vknr gks xbZ gS  fd vU;=k dgha Hkh eSa xkfyc dh x\\u201dky lqurk gw\\u00a1 ;k  lwjnkl dk Hktu lqurk gw\\u00a1 ;k dksbZ vPNk&lk xhr  lqurk gw\\u00a1 rks esjs fnekx esa vius vki ;s 'kCn xw\\u00a1tus  yxrs gSa\\u03bc^D;k vkiosQ flj esa nnZ jgrk gS\\\\ fljnnZ ls  NqVdkjk ikb,A----- dh ,d xksyh yhft,----- fljnnZ  xk;cA* ifj.kke ;g gS fd vc esjs fy, dksbZ x\\u201dky] x\\u201dky  ugha jgh] dksbZ xhr] xhr ugha jgkA lc fdlh&u&fdlh  ph\\u201dk  dk  foKkiu  cu  x,  gSaA  fnuHkj  ;s  xhr  Hkjs   foKkiu esjk ihNk djrs jgrs gSaA igys cgqr ehBs xys  ls ^jguk ugha ns'k fojkuk gS* dh y; vkSj mlosQ rqjar  ckn\\u03bc^D;k vkiosQ 'kjhj esa [kqtyh gksrh gS\\\\ [kqtyh  dk uk'k djus osQ fy, ,d gh jkeck.k vkS\\\"kf\\\/ gS-----A* Hkxr dchj D;k dj ldrs gSa\\\\ [kqtyh  oaQiuh mudh ftl jpuk ij pkgs viuh eksgj pLik dj ldrh gSA vkSj ckr xhrksa&x\\u201dkyksa rd gh lhfer ugha gSA eq>s yxrk gS fd esjs pkjksa vksj gj ph\\u201dk dk ,d  u;k ewY; mHkj jgk gS] tks vkt rd osQ ewY; ls loZFkk fHkUu gS vkSj tks mlosQ :i dks esjs fy,  fcyoqQy cnys ns jgk gSA dksbZ ph\\u201dk ,slh ugha tks fdlh&u&fdlh ph\\u201dk dk foKkiu u gksA vtark  osQ fp=k vkSj ,yksjk dh ewfrZ;k\\u00a1 dHkh vNwrh dyk dk mnkgj.k jgh gksaxh] ijarq vkt ml dyk dks  ,d ubZ lkFkZdrk izkIr gks xbZ gSA mu ewfrZ;ksa dk osQ'k&foU;kl vkt eq>s ,d rsy dh 'kh'kh dh  foKkiu gh foKkiu 18\"","\" 143 ;kn fnykrk gS] mudh vk\\u00a1[ksa ,d iQkesZlh dk foKkiu izrhr gksrh gSa vkSj mudk lewpk dysoj ,d  isV\\u00aaksy oaQiuh dh dykfHkjQfp dks izekf.kr djrk gSA ftu gkFkksa us mu dyk\\u00d1fr;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k  Fkk os gkFk Hkh vkt ,d fcLoqQV oaQiuh dh fodkl&;kstuk osQ foKkiu osQ :i esa lkFkZd gks jgs gSaA ns'k osQ dksus&dksus esa fc[kjs gq, ftrus eafnj gSa] ftrus iqjkus fdys vkSj [kaMgj gSa] ftrus LraHk  vkSj Lekjd gSa] os lc blhfy, gSa fd yksxksa esa ;krk;kr osQ izfr jQfp tkxzr djsa] i;ZVu O;olk;  dks izksRlkgu feys] fons'k ls yksx vkdj mudh rLohjsa [khapsa vkSj viuh fiz;rekvksa osQ ikl HkstsaA  ehuk{kh vkSj jkes'oje~ osQ f'k[kj vkSj [kqtjkgks osQ d{k bl n`f\\\"V ls Hkh mi;ksxh gSa fd os ,d  fo'ks\\\"k czkaM osQ lhesaV dh e\\u201dkcwrh dks O;Dr djus osQ izrhd cu losaQA d'ehj dh lkjh ikoZR;  lq\\\"kek] ogk\\u00a1 dh uo;qofr;ksa dk Hkko&lkSan;Z vkSj ogk\\u00a1 osQ dkjhxjksa dh fnu&jkr dh esgur] ;s lc  bl ckr dks foKkfir djus osQ fy, gSa fd lI + ksQn jax dk og 'kgn tks can fMCcksa esa feyrk gS]  lcls vPNk 'kgn gSA cukZMZ 'kk osQ ukVd gesa ;g crkus osQ fy, Nkis tkrs gSa fd fczVsu osQ fdl  izsl dh NikbZ vPNh gSA iz'kkar lkxj esa v.kq ce gesa bl ckr dh psrkouh nsus osQ fy, fxjk,  tkrs gSa fd tc rd gekjs cPpksa dk Hkfo\\\"; lqjf{kr ugha gS vkSj Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa d'ehj  osQ fy, yM+kbZ flI + kZQ blfy, yM+h tkrh gS fd ogk\\u00a1 osQ lscksa dk eqjCCkk cgqr vPNk gksrk gS] ftls  flI + kZQ ,d oaQiuh rS;kj djrh gS ---A fo\\\/uk us bruh ckjhdchuh ls ;g tks \\\/jrh cukbZ gS] vkSj euq\\\"; us foKku osQ iz;ksx ls mlesa tks  pkj pk\\u00a1n yxk, gSa] os blfy, fd foKkiu dyk osQ fy, mi;qDr Hkwfe izLrqr dh tk losQA mRrjh  \\\/zqo ls nf{k.kh \\\/zqo rd dksbZ dksuk ,slk u cpk gksxk ftldk fdlh&u&fdlh ph\\u201dk osQ foKkiu osQ  fy, mi;ksx u fd;k tk jgk gksA gj ph\\u201dk] gj txg vius vykok fdlh Hkh ph\\u201dk vkSj fdlh Hkh  txg dk foKkiu gks ldrh gSA xsg\\u00a1w dh I + kQly ,d diM+s dh fey dk foKkiu gS] D;ksafd ubZ  I + kQly ls izkIr gq, u, iSls dk ,d gh mi;ksx gS fd mlls diM+k [kjhnk tk,A diM+s dh fey  Mcy jksVh dh csdjh dk foKkiu gS D;ksafd fey esa dke djus okys rHkh dke ij tk ldrs gSa  tc os Mcy jksVh [kk,\\u00a1xsA vkSj csdjh okVj&izwiQ twrksa dk foKkiu gS D;ksafd tc rd okVj&izwiQ  twrs u gksaxs rc rd ckfj'k esa balku Mcy jksVh tSlh lk\\\/kj.k ph\\u201dk Hkh izkIr ugha dj ldrkA  cgqr&lh ph\\u201dksa ,d&nwljs dk foKkiu gSaA iwQy b=k dh 'kh'kh dk foKkiu gS] b=k dh 'kh'kh iwQyksa dk  foKkiu gSA i=k ys[kd dk foKkiu gS rks ys[kd i=k dk foKkiu gSA  \\u00dck`axkj izlk\\\/uksa dk foKkiu  gS] vkSj  \\u00dck`axkj izlk\\\/u lkSan;Z osQ foKkiu gSaA cgqr&lh ph\\u201dksa Lo;a viuk foKkiu gSa] tSls\\u03bcmins'k]  vkykspuk] usrkfxjh bR;kfnA eryc ;g fd tgk\\u00a1 tk,\\u00a1] ft\\\/j tk,\\u00a1] tgk\\u00a1 jgsa] tSls jgsa bu foKkiuksa dh yisV ls cp ugha  ldrsA ?kj esa can gksdj cSB tk,\\u00a1 rks foKkiu jks'kunkuksa osQ jkLrs gok esa rSjrs vkrs gSa\\u03bcD;k vkt  vkius nk\\u00a1r lkI + kQ fd, gSa\\\\ losjs mBrs gh lcls igys DyksjksfiQy okys VwFkisLV ls nk\\u00a1r lkI + kQ dhft,A  ;kn jf[k, nk\\u00a1rksa dks jksxksa ls cpkus dk ;gh ,d lk\\\/u gSA ?kj ls fudysa rks gj nksjkgs] pkSjkgs vkSj \"","\" 144 lM+dksa osQ [kaHkksa ij foKkiu\\u03bc[krjs ls lko\\\/ku] \\\/ks[ks ls cfp,A budks i<+us ls cgqrksa dk Hkyk gksxkA  v[+kckj mBk,\\u00a1] foKkiuA iqLrd mBk,\\u00a1] foKkiuA cl esa cSBsa\\u03bcfoKkiuA D;k vkidk fny de\\u201dkksj  gS\\\\ D;k vkidk ftLe VwVrk jgrk gS\\\\ xks;k fd vkidh O;fDrxr f\\u201dkanxh O;fDrxr fcyoqQy ughaa  gS\\u03bcmls osQoy bu foKkiunkrkvksa osQ ijke'kZ ls gh ft;k tk ldrk gSA foKkiu&dyk ftl rs\\u201dkh ls mUufr dj jgh gS] mlls eq>s Hkfo\\\"; osQ fy, vkSj Hkh vans'kk gSA  yxrk gS ,slk ;qx vkus okyk gS tc f'k{kk] foKku] laL\\u00d1fr vkSj lkfgR;] budk mi;ksx osQoy  foKkiu&dyk Hkj osQ fy, gh jg tk,xkA oSls rks vkt Hkh budk [kklk mi;ksx bl dyk osQ fy,  gksrk gSA cgqr&lh f'k{k.k&laLFkk,\\u00a1 ,slh gSa tks lkaiznkf;d laLFkkvksa dk foKkiu ek=k gSaA dbZ dyk&osaQnz  oqQN Louke&\\\/U; yksxksa dh nkuohjrk dk foKkiu gSaA viuh ih<+h osQ dbZ ys[kdksa dh \\u00d1fr;k\\u00a1 ykyk  Nxuyky exuyky ;k blh rjg osQ uke osQ fdlh vkSj ykyk dh Lekjd&fuf\\\/ ls izdkf'kr gksdj  ykykth dh fnoaxr vkRek osQ izfr Lekjd gksus dk iQ\\u201dkZ vnk dj jgh gSaA exj vkusokys ;qx esa  ;g dyk] nks dne vkSj vkxs c<+ tk,xhA fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks fo'ofon~;ky; osQ nh{kkar egksRlo ij  tks fMfxz;k\\u00a1 nh tk,\\u00a1xh muosQ uhps ,d dksus esa Nik feysxk\\u03bc\\u00b6vkidh f'k{kk osQ mi;ksx dk ,d gh  ekxZ gSA vkt gh vk;kr&fu;kZr dk \\\/a\\\/k izkjaHk dhft,A eq\\u00dd + r lwphi=k osQ fy, fyf[k, --- \\u0327 gj  u,  vkfo\\\"dkjd  dk  eqldjkrk  gqvk  psgjk  Vsyhfo\\u201dku  ij  vkdj  oqQN  bl  rjg  fuosnu   djsxk\\u03bc\\u00b6eq>s ;g dgrs gq, gkfnZd izlUurk gks jgh gS fd esjs iz;Ruksa dh liQyrk dk lkjk Js; jcj  osQ Vk;j cukus okyh oaQiuh dks gS ftlosQ izksRlkgu vkSj izsj.kk ls eSaus bl fn'kk esa dne c<+k;k  Fkk ---A \\u0327 fo\\\".kq osQ eafnj [kM+s gksaxs ftuesa laxejej dh lqanj izfrek osQ uhps iV~Vh yxh gksxh\\u03bc^bl ewfrZ  vkSj bl Hkou osQ fuekZ.k dk Js; yky gkFkh osQ fu'kkuokys fuekZrkvksa dks gSA okLrqdyk laca\\\/h viuh  lHkh vko';drkvksa osQ fy, yky gkFkh dk fu'kku dHkh er Hkwfy,A* vkSj ,sls&,sls miU;kl gkFk  esa vk;k djsaxs ftudh lqanj peM+s dh ftYn ij ,d vksj ckjhd v{kjksa esa Nik gksxk\\u03bc^lkfgR; esa  vfHkjQfp j[kusokyksa dks bDdk ekdkZ lkcqu cukusokyksa dh ,d vkSj rqPN HksaVA* vkSj ckr c<+rs&c<+rs  ;gk\\u00a1 rd igq\\u00a1p tk,xh fd tc ,d nwYgk cM+s vjeku ls nqYgu C;kg dj ?kj yk,xk vkSj ?kw\\u00a1?kV  gVkdj mlosQ :i dh iz'kalk esa igyk okD; dgsxk rks nqYgu e\\\/qj Hkko ls vk\\u00a1[k mBkdj \\u00e2n; dk  lkjk nqykj 'kCnksa esa m\\u00a1Ms+yrh gqbZ dgsxh\\u03bc\\u00b6crkm\\u00a1Q] eSa bruh lqanj D;ksa fn[kkbZ nsrh gw\\u00a1\\\\ ;g blfy, fd  eSa jks\\u201dk izkr% ukS lkS bD;kou uacj osQ lkcqu ls ugkrh gw\\u00a1A dy ls vki Hkh ?kj esa UkkS lkS bD;kou  uacj dk lkcqu jf[k,A mldh lqe\\\/qj lqxa\\\/ lkjk fnu fnekx dks rk\\u201dkk j[krh gS vkSj blosQ eqyk;e  >kx ls Ropk cgqr dksey jgrh gSA bldh cM+h fVfd;k [kjhnus ls iSls dh Hkh fdI + kQk;r gksrh gSA \\u0327 tgk\\u00a1 rd foKkiu osQ fy, txg dk loky gS] cgqr&lh txg gSa ftudk vHkh rd mi;ksx  ugha fd;k tk ldk gSA foKkiu&dyk dh n`f\\\"V ls lc ph\\u201dkksa dk vkil esa vU;ksU;kfJr laca\\\/ gS  blfy, nok dh 'khf'k;ksa esa eD[ku osQ fMCcksa osQ foKkiu gksus pkfg, vkSj eD[ku osQ fMCcksa esa \"","\" 145 nok dh 'khf'k;ksa osQA fp=k xSyfj;ksa esa fp=kksa osQ vfrfjDr rsy osQ b'rgkj Vk\\u00a1xs tkus pkfg, vkSj  rsy dh cksryksa ij fp=kdyk izn'kZfu;ksa dh lwpuk,\\u00a1 fpidkbZ tkuh pkfg,A oaQcyksa vkSj nq'kkyksa esa  pk; vkSj dksdks osQ b'rgkj cqus tk ldrs gSaA uens vkSj xyhps jcj&lksy osQ twrksa osQ foKkiu dk  vkn'kZ lk\\\/u gks ldrs gSaA cSadksa dh nhokjksa ij ykVjh vkSj jsl&dkslZ osQ foKkiu fy[ks tk ldrs  gSaA jsl&dkslZ esa cpr dh Ldheksa dk foKkiu fn;k tk ldrk gSA jsy vkSj gokbZ tgk\\u201dk osQ fVdVksa  ij chek oaQifu;ksa dk foKkiu gks ldrk gS vkSj vLirkyksa dh nhokjksa ij oSokfgd foKkiu yxk,  tk ldrs gSaA ;g rks vkus okys dy dh ckr gS ij vkt dh fLFkfr ;g gS fd eq>s gj txg foKkiu&gh&foKkiu  fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA tgk\\u00a1 foKkiu gks ogk\\u00a1 Hkh vkSj tgk\\u00a1 u gks ogk\\u00a1 HkhA esjk fnekx gj psgjs] gj vkok\\u201dk  vkSj gj uke dk laca\\\/ fdlh&u&fdlh foKkiu osQ lkFk tksM+ nsrk gSA lqcg mBrs gh lkeus dh  nqdku osQ yM+osQ dks pk; ykus osQ fy, dgrk gw\\u00a1 rks pk; dk uke ysrs gh eq>s uhyfxfj dh ,d  lqanjh dk \\u00e8;ku gks vkrk gS ftldk psgjk eSa jks\\u201dk v[+kckj esa ns[krk gw\\u00a1A uhyfxfj osQ uke dk [+;ky  fnekx esa vkrs gh eq>s rqjar dkWiQh&izns'k dh <ykusa ;kn vk tkrh gSaA lkFk gh ,d cqM~<s jktiwr dk  psgjk esjh vk\\u00a1[kksa osQ lkeus mHkjus yxrk gS vkSj eSa vuk;kl vius dks cqncqnkrs gq, ikrk gw\\u00a1\\u03bc\\u00b6;g  vPNh dkWiQh vkSj ;g vPNk psgjk nksuksa Hkkjrh; gSaA \\u0327 [kSj] yM+dk nks feuV esa pk; dh I;kyh ysdj eqldjkrk gqvk esjs lkeus vk [kM+k gksrk gSA mlosQ  v\\\/[kqys gksaBksa osQ chp mlosQ irys lI + ksQn nk\\u00a1rksa dks ns[kdj eq>s yxrk gS fd og fo'kqn~\\\/ DyksjksfiQy  eqldjkgV eqldjk jgk gSA vesfjdh Hkk\\\"kk esa bls fefy;u MkWyj Lekby dgrs gSaA vkSj og yM+dk  gS fd jks\\u201dk Ng iSls dh pk; eq>s idM+krk gqvk ;g fefy;u MkWyj dh eqldjkgV eqldjk tkrk gSA  dbZ ckj esjh bPNk gksrh gS fd yM+osQ dks fdlh DyksjksfiQy oaQiuh osQ gokys dj nw\\u00a1 ftlls mldh  eqldjkgV dk lgh ewY; nqfu;k osQ lkeus vk losQA vkSj tc eSa ;g lksp jgk gksrk gw\\u00a1 rks bZFkj esa  rSjrh gqbZ L=khoaQB dh lqe\\\/qj vkok\\u201dk lqukbZ nsrh gS] \\u00b6D;k vkidk yhoj Bhd dke ugha djrk\\\\  viuk yhoj Bhd j[kus osQ fy, vkt ls gh yhoj&beY'ku yhft, ---A \\u0327 eq>s Bhd ls ugha ekywe fd yhoj Bhd dke djrk gS ;k ugha] ij tc eSa fdlh cPps dks  fdydkjh ekjdj g\\u00a1lrs ns[krk gw\\u00a1 rks eq>s yky fMCcs esa can csch feYd dh ;kn gks vkrh gSA  fdlh lqanj n`'; dks ns[krk g\\u00a1w rks murhl jQi;s okyk oSQejk esjh vk\\u00a1[kksa osQ vkxs ?kweus yxrk gSA  fookg&eaMi osQ ikl [kM+s gksdj eq>s jk\\\"V\\u00aah; cpr izek.ki=k dh ;kn \\u201dk:j vkrh gSA eksgYys osQ  ykyk pkS\\\/jh feyus vkrs gSa rks eq>s yxrk gS fd foVkfeu ch dkWEiySDl dk foKkiu pyk vk jgk  gSA n\\u00dd + rj dh ubZ VkbfiLV jks\\u201dkh dk lewpk O;fDrRo eq>s yky jax dh fyifLVd dk foKkiu izrhr  gksrk gS vkSj fdlh ls dfg,xk ugha] ij gkyr ;gk\\u00a1 rd igq\\u00a1p xbZ gS fd tc eSa [kqn vkbZus osQ  lkeus [kM+k gksrk gw\\u00a1 rks yxrk gS viuk psgjk ugha] yhoj lkWYV dk foKkiu ns[k jgk gw\\u00a1A \\u03bceksgu jkosQ'k\"","\" 146 ys[kd ifjp; %  eksgu jkosQ'k dk tUe 8 tuojh] 1925 ve`rlj esa gqvk FkkA os ^ubZ dgkuh vkanksuy* osQ l'kDr  gLrk{kj FksA 1968 esa laxhr ukVd vdkneh us mUgsa lEekfur fd;k FkkA muosQ izeq[k ukVdksa esa gSa\\u03bcvk\\\"kk<+ dk ,d  fnu] vk\\\/s&v\\\/wjs] ygjksa osQ jktgal] miU;kl gSa\\u03bcv\\u00a1\\\/sjs can dejs] varjky] u vkus okyk dy vkfnA mudh e`R;q  3 tuojh] 1972 fnYyh esa gqbZ FkhA u, 'kCn vU;=k     \\u03bc dgha Hkh  fo\\\/uk  \\u03bc fof\\\/] czg~ek vkS\\\"kf\\\/  \\u03bc nok  mi;qDr    \\u03bc mfpr] vuqowQy pLik  \\u03bc fpidkuk  fuf\\\/  \\u03bc [k\\u201dkkuk lkFkZdrk   \\u03bc liQyrk  vnk  \\u03bc nsuk] pqdkuk lewpk     \\u03bc iwjk  nh{kkar  \\u03bc nh{kk osQ var esa gksus okyk dysoj    \\u03bc mQijh <k\\u00a1pk  vfHk#fp   \\u03bc 'kkSd] jQfp dykfHk#fp \\u03bc dyk osQ izfr eu dh izo`fRr  fdI + kQk;r   \\u03bc   cpr izekf.kr    \\u03bc izek.k n~okjk fln~\\\/ gqvk  vU;ksU;kfJr \\u03bc ,d nwljs ij vkfJr Lekjd    \\u03bc Lej.k gsrq cukbZ bekjr  vuk;kl    \\u03bc fcuk iz;Ru osQ ikoZR;     \\u03bc ioZr  fo'kqn~\\\/    \\u03bc 'kqn~\\\/ lq\\\"kek  \\u03bc vR;f\\\/d lqanjrk  bZFkj  \\u03bc ,d jklk;fud nzO; inkFkZ psrkouh    \\u03bc [krjs dh iwoZlwpuk  eqgkojk pkj pk\\u00a1n yxkuk \\u03bc 'kksHkk c<+kuk vH;kl Jqrys[k  Listening and Writing Skills xw\\u00a1tus       pLik       lkFkZdrk       iQkesZlh       dykfHk#fp       dyk\\u00d1fr       izksRlkgu ikoZR;       lq\\\"kek       mi;qDr        Lekjd        nh{kkar           fdI + kQk;r       vU;ksU;kfJr ikB dh ckr   Comprehension Skills \\u2022   uhps fn, iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A       ekSf[kd      (d)  ys[kd dks lqcg ls jkr rd dkSu&dkSu ls foKkiu lquus dks feyrs gSa\\\\   ([k)  fnuHkj dkSu ys[kd dk ihNk djrk gS\\\\\"","\" 147   (x)  foKkiuksa us vtark&,yksjk dh ewfrZ;ksa dks oSQls izHkkfor fd;k\\\\   (?k)  pk;okys yM+osQ dh eqldjkgV ys[kd dks D;k ;kn fnykrh Fkh\\\\       fyf[kr      (d)  xhrksa vkSj xtyksa dks fdl :i esa igpkuk tkus yxk gS\\\\   ([k)  ns'k osQ eafnj] [kaMgj fdl izdkj i;ZVu O;olk; dks izksRlkfgr djrs gSa\\\\   (x)  cukZMZ 'kk osQ ukVd fdl izdkj dh tkudkjh nsus osQ fy, cuk, x, gksaxs\\\\   (?k)  dkSu&lh ph\\u201dksa Lo;a viuk foKkiu gSa\\\\      nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u      (d)  ys[kd Hkfo\\\"; osQ izfr D;ksa vk'kafdr gS\\\\   ([k)  ys[kd us cph gqbZ txgksa ij fdl rjg osQ foKkiuksa dh lwph cukbZ gS\\\\   (x)  foKkiuksa dh Hkjekj us ys[kd dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor fd;k gS\\\\   (?k)  vk\\\/qfud ;qx esa foKkiu dks egRo D;ksa fn;k tkrk gS\\\\       cgqfodYih;   iz'u     lgh fodYi pqudj ( \\uf0fc ) yxkb,A      (d)  cPps dks g\\u00a1lrs ns[kdj ys[kd dks fdldh ;kn vkrh gS\\\\  yky fMCcs esa can csch feYd dh   b=k dh   mins'k dh      ([k)  vkbZus osQ vkxs [kM+s gksus ij ys[kd dks dkSu&lk foKkiu ;kn vkrk gS\\\\  yhoj dkWYM   yhoj lkWYV   yhoj cksYM oqQN O;kdj.k ls   Language and Vocabulary Skills   1-  dks  ijlxZ dk iz;ksx deZ rFkk laiznku nksuksa dkjdksa esa gksrk gSA laiznku esa bldk iz;ksx nsus osQ Hkko ls gksrk  gSA vU; LFkkuksa ij ;g f\\u00d8;k osQ deZ dk cks\\\/ djkrk gSA     mnkgj.k\\u03bc jkgqy iqLrd dks i<+rk gSA  (deZ dkjd)        fHk{kqd dks vUu nksA  (laiznku)        lkseokj dks vk tkvksA  (le;okpd f\\u00d8;k&fo'ks\\\"k.k)      uhps fn, okD;ksa esa laiznku rFkk deZ dkjd igpkudj fyf[k,A      (d)  eSa bl loky dks gy d:\\u00a1xkA    ([k)  xjhcksa dks er lrkvksA                      (x)  vkidks tUefnol dh 'kqHkdkeuk,\\u00a1A                      (?k)  ianzg vxLr dks ge irax mM+k,\\u00a1xsA                         (\\u00c4)  ekyh ikS\\\/ksa dks ikuh ns jgk gSA                         (p)  ek\\u00a1 cPps dks yksjh lquk jgh gSA                   \"","\" 148   2-  funsZ'kkuqlkj  dhft,A      (d)  xq#th ikB i<+krs gSaA  (deZokP; esa cnfy,)                                                            ([k)  mlls i<+k ugha tkrkA  (drZ`okP; esa cnfy,)                                                         (x)  vueksy eSnku esa [ksy jgk gSA  (HkkookP; esa cnfy,)                                                         (?k)  frryh ls mM+k tkrk gSA  (dr`ZokP; esa cnfy,)                                                            (\\u00c4)  izkph us fp=k cuk;kA  (deZokP; esa cnfy,)                                                         3-  uhps fn, okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,A      fgalk djus okyk  \\u03bc                    gkFk ls fy[kh fyfi  \\u03bc                    lnk lR; cksyus okyk  \\u03bc                    tgk\\u00a1 pkj jkgsa feyrh gSa   \\u03bc                     ftl ij fo'okl fd;k tk losQ \\u03bc                    Lej.k gsrq cukbZ xbZ bekjr \\u03bc                 4-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa bl izdkj iz;ksx dhft, fd mudk vFkZ Li\\\"V gks tk,A      (d)     ewY;     \\u03bc                                                                                            ewy         \\u03bc                                                                                    ([k)     izek.k     \\u03bc                                                                                            iz.kke         \\u03bc                                                                                   (x)     L=kh     \\u03bc                                                                                            iRuh         \\u03bc                                                                                    (?k)     n'kk     \\u03bc                                                                                            fn'kk         \\u03bc                                                                                5-  if<+,   vkSj  lef>,A      leqPp;cks\\\/d osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSa\\u03bc    (d)  lekukf\\\/dj.k  leqPp;cks\\\/d   ([k)  O;f\\\/dj.k  leqPp;cks\\\/d      (d)      lekukf\\\/dj.k  leqPp;cks\\\/d \\u03bc;s  leku  Lrj  okys  'kCnksa]  okD;ka'kksa  rFkk  okD;ksa  dks  tksM+rs  gSaA   tSls\\u03bcvf{krk vkSj fiz;ka'kh cgusa gSaA      ([k)      O;f\\\/dj.k leqPp;cks\\\/d \\u03bc;s ,d eq[; okD; esa ,d ls vf\\\/d vkfJr miokD;ksa dks tksM+us dk  dke djrs gSaA tSls\\u03bcjkgqy fon~;ky; ugha x;k D;ksafd og chekj FkkA\"","\" 149      uhps fn, okD;ksa esa leqPp;cks\\\/d osQ Hksn dk uke fyf[k,A      (d)  lqcg lSj fd;k djks rkfd LoLFk jgksA    ([k)  'osrk fdrkc i<+ jgh gS rFkk vafdr fy[k jgk gSA    (x)  mls ikuh fiyk nks D;ksafd og I;klk gSA    (?k)  jke vkSj Hkjr HkkbZ FksA       (\\u00c4)  ;fn o\\\"kkZ gqbZ rks I + kQly vPNh gksxhA    6-  uhps fn, 'kCnksa osQ vyx&vyx vFkZ fyf[k,A yky    exj       dt    er         7-  uhps fn, laKk 'kCnksa osQ fy, ikB esa ls <w\\u00a1<+dj fo'ks\\\"k.k 'kCn fyf[k,A   fdys     ewY;     jax   n`';     fny     gkFkh oqQN dYiuk ls oqQN ;ksX;rk ls   Speaking, Writing and Creative Skills   1-  cPpksa ij iM+rk foKkiuksa dk nq\\\"izHkko\\u03bcbl fo\\\"k; ij ,d vuqPNsn fyf[k,A   2-  foKkiuksa osQ lnqi;ksx o nqjQi;ksx ij d{kk esa ,d ys[ku izfr;ksfxrk vk;ksftr dhft,A   3-  fdlh oLrq dh [kjhnkjh oLrq dh xq.koRrk ij dh tkrh gS ;k foKkiu osQ dkj.k\\\\ vius fopkj roZQ lfgr  izLrqr dhft,A   4-  vkius dksbZ dgkuh ;k dfork fy[kh gSA mldk izpkj djus osQ fy, ,d foKkiu cukb,A   5-  vkiosQ fon~;ky; esa [ksy fnol euk;k x;k Fkk] ftlesa vU; fon~;ky;ksa ls vkbZ Vheksa osQ lkFk gqbZ izfr;ksfxrk  esa vkidk fon~;ky; thr x;kA bldk o.kZu djrs gq, fon~;ky; dh if=kdk osQ fy, izfrosnu rS;kj dhft,A ewY;ijd iz'u vkSj fopkj   Values and Life Skills   1-  D;k foKkiu gesa cukoVh nqfu;k dh vksj vkdf\\\"kZr djrs gSa\\\\ vius fopkj izLrqr dhft,A   2-  lekpkj&i=kksa esa ge ^tkxks xzkgd tkxks* dk foKkiu ns[krs gSaA ;s foKkiu miHkksDrk dks fdl ckr osQ fy,  tkx:d djrs gSa\\\\\"","\" 150 Hkkjr dk mRrj&iwohZ; {ks=k gjs&Hkjs taxyksa] tho&tarqvksa rFkk tutkrh; laL\\u00d1fr dh vuwBh NVk dks  vius esa lesVs gq, gSA bl {ks=k osQ vkB jkT;\\u03bcvle] v#.kkpy izns'k] es?kky;] fetksje] ef.kiqj]  ukxkySaM] f=kiqjk vkSj flfDde gSa ftuesa izk\\u00d1frd n`';ksa vkSj yksd&dykvksa dk vikj HkaMkj feyrk  gSA bu jkT;ksa dks gokbZ tgk\\u201dk] jsy vkSj lM+d ekxks\\u00b1 osQ n~okjk iwjs ns'k ls tksM+k x;k gSA vk\\\/qfud  lapkj iz.kkyh us Hkh bu {ks=kksa dh nwfj;ksa dks ?kVk fn;k gSA ;gk\\u00a1 dk izR;sd jkT; viuh izk\\u00d1frd  lkSan;Z osQ fy, fo'o izfln~\\\/ gSA Hkkjr esa loZizFke lw;ksZn; blh {ks=k osQ v#.kkpy izns'k ls gksrk  gS blfy, bls ^mxrs lwjt dk izns'k* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA v#.kkpy izns'k dh lhek,\\u00a1 HkwVku] phu  vkSj E;kaekj ls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA fgeky; dh xksn esa clk ;g izns'k ik\\u00a1p unh ?kkfV;ksa esa c\\u00a1Vk gS\\u03bcfl;kax]  lqcufljh] desax] frji vkSj yksfgrA Hkkjr dk nwljk mRrj&iwohZ; jkT; gS\\u03bcpk; dk ckxku {ks=k\\u03bcvleA ;g ck\\u00a1l osQ taxyksa osQ fy,  Hkh fo[;kr gSA casr ;k ck\\u00a1l dh pVkbZ] Vksdjh] ltkoVh lkeku ;gk\\u00a1 dh gLrdyk osQ vn~Hkqr uewus  gSa tks LFkkuh; yksxksa dh thfodk osQ lk\\\/u gSaA ;gk\\u00a1 rsy'kks\\\/d dkj[kkus Hkh gSaA vle ewaxk js'ke  dk ,dek=k mRiknd {ks=k Hkh gSA dkthjaxk us'kuy ikoZQ vle esa gh fLFkr gS ftlesa ,d lhax  osQ nqyZHk xSaMs dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g jkT; HkwVku vkSj ckaXykns'k ls yxh Hkkjr dh varjkZ\\\"V\\u00aah;  lhekvksa osQ lehi gSA \\u00b7  Hkkjr ds iwoksZRrj jkT;\"","\" 151 vxyk izns'k gS es?kky;A es?kksa dk vky; vFkkZr~ es?kksa dk ?kj\\u03bces?kky;A ;g izns'k vle vkSj  ckaXykns'k dh lhekvksa ls tqM+k gqvk gSA bl {ks=k esa efgykvksa dks cgqr vf\\\/d lEeku fn;k tkrk  gSA \\u201d;knkrj dke efgyk,\\u00a1 gha djrh gSaA ;gk\\u00a1 dh izeq[k tutkfr;k\\u00a1 gSa\\u03bc[kklh] t;afr;k vkSj xkjksA f=kiqjk dks Hkkjr dk rhljk lcls NksVk jkT; gksus dk xkSjo izkIr gSA vxjryk f=kiqjk dh jkt\\u00e8kkuh  gSA bl izns'k esa dbZ tkfr;ksa] cksfy;ksa vkSj \\\/eks\\u00b1 osQ yksx jgrs gSaA ;gk\\u00a1 osQ yksx cM+s mRlkg ls R;ksgkj  eukrs gSaA ;gk\\u00a1 gjsd leqnk; dk viuk u`R; gSA ;gk\\u00a1 vusdkusd i;ZVu LFky gSa tks i;ZVdksa dks  viuh vksj vkdf\\\"kZr djrs gSaA ukxkySaM ioZrh; {ks=k gS ftldh jkt\\\/kuh dksfgek gSA gFkdj?kk vkSj gLrf'kYi ;gk\\u00a1 osQ eq[;  oqQVhj mn~;ksx gSaA ukxkySaM izk\\u00d1frd laqnjrk ls ;qDr izns'k gSA ;gk\\u00a1 dh jax&fcjaxh iks'kkosaQ eu dks  eksg ysrh gSaA laxhr vkSj u`R; ukxk tu&thou osQ ewyHkwr vax gSaA ohjrk] izse] lqanjrk vkSj mnkjrk  dk  xq.kxku  djusokys  yksdxhr  [kwc  'kkSd  ls  xk,  tkrs  gSaA  ukxkySaM  osQ  oqQN  egRoiw.kZ  R;ksgkj   gSa\\u03bclsdjsU;h] eksvkRlq] rksDowQ ,eksaxk vkSj rqyuhA fe\\u201dkksje Hkh ioZrh; {ks=k ij clk izns'k gS tgk\\u00a1 \\u00d1f\\\"k eq[; :i ls dh tkrh gSA igys ;gk\\u00a1 ^>we  [ksrh* dh tkrh Fkh ftlesa fdlku gj ckj ubZ \\u201dkehu ij [ksrh djrk Fkk ftl dkj.k taxyksa dks  uqdlku gksus yxkA ysfdu vaxzs\\u201dkksa us ^Vsjsl iQkfe\\u00b1x* vFkkZr~ lh<+huqek [ksrh dh 'kq#vkr djkbZA fe\\u201dkksje  f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa Hkkjr esa nwljs LFkku ij vkrk gSA ;gk\\u00a1 f'k{kk dh nj 88-8 izfr'kr gSA ef.kiqj Hkkjr dk lkrok\\u00a1 mRrj&iwohZ; jkT; gS ftldh jkt\\\/kuh baiQky gSA tgk\\u00a1 ls iksyks [ksy dh  mRifRr gqbZ FkhA bls iwjc dk fLoVtjySaM Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;gk\\u00a1 osQ ewy fuoklh ^esbrh* tutkfr  osQ gSa ftudh Hkk\\\"kk ^esbfryksu* dgykrh gSA jkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk o`Qf\\\"k ij vk\\u00e8kkfjr gSA ;gk\\u00a1 vusd  izdkj dh nqyZHk ouLifr;k\\u00a1 o tho&tarq Hkh ik, tkrs gSaA ^laxkbZ* uked fgju ;gk\\u00a1 dk nqyZHk i'kq  gSA efgyk eqDosQck\\u201dk ^eSjh dkse* ef.kiqj dk gh ghjk gSa ftUgksaus vkWyafid 2012 esa Hkkjr osQ fy,  dk\\u00a1L; ind thrkA flfDde gjs&Hkjs taxyksa] m\\u00a1Qph igkfM+;ksa rFkk ?kkfV;ksa osQ fy, fo'ks\\\"k izfln~\\\/ gSA nqfu;k dk  rhljk m\\u00a1Qpk ioZr oaQputaxk bl izns'k dh 'kku gSA nqyZHk iztkfr;ksa ls ;qDr oaQputaxk us'kuy ikoZQ  dh lhek frCcr rd iSQyh gSA ;gk\\u00a1 jsM ikaMk] eLd fgju] CY;w 'khi] frCcrh ykseM+h] HksfM+;k vkSj  fgeky; osQ dkys Hkkyw vf\\\/dka'kr% ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr ;gk\\u00a1 iwQyksa dh [ksrh cgqr  vf\\\/d ek=kk esa gksrh gSA ckSn~\\\/ eBksa rFkk ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa dh ;gk\\u00a1 Hkjekj feyrh gSA Hkkjr osQ ;s iwoksZrj jkT; izk\\u00d1frd lqanjrk ls Hkjiwj gSa tgk\\u00a1 iznw\\\"k.k dh gok ugha igq\\u00a1ph gSA ;gk\\u00a1  dh os'kHkw\\\"kk] [kku&iku vkSj jgu&lgu bu jkT;ksa dh fo'ks\\\"krkvksa dks vkSj vf\\\/d le`n~\\\/ djrs gSaA  lpeqp Hkkjr osQ ;s vuwBs uxhus gSa tks Hkkjr dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk osQ vfHkUu vax gSaA\"","\" 152 cPpksa ;ksx dh 'kq#vkr osQ ckjs esa rks vki tku pqosQ gSaA vkb,] vc vkxs osQ oqQN vkSj vH;kl  osQ ckjs esa lh[krs gSaA ;ksx dk le; fn, x, ;ksxkH;kl dks ozQe vuqlkj dhft,A 1- ukM+h 'kks\\\/u ykHk   1-  ekufld ruko dks de djrk gSA   2-  eu dh ,dkxzrk dks c<+krk gSA fof\\\/   1-  lq[kklu dh eqnzk esa cSfB,A    2-  nkfgus  gkFk  osQ  vxw\\u00a1Bs  ls  nkfguh  vksj  dh   ukfldk dks can djrs gq, ckb\\u00b1 ukfldk ls  'okl dks vanj Hkfj,A   3-  vc ckb\\u00b1 vksj dh ukfldk dks vukfedk ls can djrs gq, nkfguh ukfldk ls 'okl dks \\\/ hjs&\\\/hjs NksfM+,A   4-  ;s ukM+h 'kks\\\/u dk ,d iwjk pozQ gSA   5-  lk\\u00a1lksa dks ysrs vkSj NksM+rs le; viuk \\u00e8;ku lk\\u00a1lksa dh rjI + kQ jf[k,A   6-  bl vH;kl dks djrs le; eq\\u00a1g ls 'okl ugha ysuk pkfg,A 2- iw.kZ ioueqDrklu ykHk   1-  jh<+ dh gM~Mh vkSj ekalisf'k;ksa dks e\\u201dkcwr cukrk gSA   2-  jDr lapkj dks c<+krk gSA \\u00b7  vkvks ;ksx djsa\"","\" 153   3-  ikpu fozQ;k esa lq\\\/kj ykrk gSA   4-  isV ls ok;q ckgj fudkyrk gSA fof\\\/   1-  ihB osQ cy \\u201dkehu ij ysV tkb,A   2-  lk\\u00a1ls ysrs gq, \\\/hjs&\\\/hjs iSjksa dks eksM+rs gq, Nkrh osQ ikl ykb,A   3-  vc gkFkksa dh m\\u00a1xfy;ksa dks can djrs gq, ?kqVuksa dks idfM+,A   4-  oaQ\\\/ksa vkSj flj dks mQij mBkb,A   5-  ekFks dks ?kqVuksa ls Li'kZ dhft,A   6-  lk\\u00a1l dks jksddj jf[k,A   7-  vc \\\/hjs&\\\/hjs lk\\u00a1l NksM+rs gq, flj vksj oaQ\\\/s dks uhps \\u201dkehu dh vksj ykb,A   8-  gkFkksa vkSj iSjksa dks lh\\\/s j[krs gq, foJke dh voLFkk esa vkb,A 3- 'kyHkklu ykHk   1-  isV vkSj dej dh vfrfjDr pchZ dks de djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA   2-  jh<+ dh gM~Mh vkSj dej dks e\\u201dkcwr djrk gSA fof\\\/   1-  \\u201dkehu ls BksM+h dks Nwrs gq, isV osQ cy  ysV tkb,A   2-  vc vius nksuksa iSjksa dks fcuk eksM+s  \\u00e8khjs&\\u00e8khjs mQij dh vksj mBkb,A   3-  vius gkFkksa dh gFksfy;ksa dks myVk djrs gq, 'kjhj osQ cxy esa jf[k,A   4-  xgjh lk\\u00a1l ysrs gq, iSjksa dks oqQN nsj mQij mBk, jf[k,A   5-  vc lk\\u00a1lksa dks gYosQ ls NksM+rs gq, iSjksa dks uhps \\\/hjs&\\\/hjs ykb,A   6-  tc vki \\u201dkehu ij ysVsa gksa rc lk\\u00a1l vanj yhft, vkSj tc iSjksa dks mQij mBkb, rc lk\\u00a1l  dks jksd yhft,A fiQj iSjksa dks uhps dh vksj ykrs gq, lk\\u00a1l NksfM+,A 4- v\\\/Z ioueqDrklu ykHk   1-  ihB dh ek\\u00a1lisf'k;ksa dks e\\u201dkcwrh nsrk gSA c y\"","\" 154   2-  jDr osQ lapkj dks c<+krk gSA   3-  ikpu 'kfDr dks lq\\\/kjrk gSA   4-  isV ls ok;q fudkyrk gSA fof\\\/   1-  ihB osQ cy ysV tkb,A   2-  vc nk,\\u00a1 iSj dks eksM+rs gq, lhus rd jf[k,A   3-  m\\u00a1xfy;ksa dks vkil esa tksM+rs gq, vius ?kqVus dks idfM+,A   4-  lk\\u00a1l vanj dh vksj ysrs gq, vius ?kqVuksa dks ekFks ls yxkb,A   5-  lk\\u00a1l ckgj NksM+rs gq, vius flj dks uhps dh vksj >qdkb,A   6-  vius gkFkksa vkSj iSjksa dks fcyoqQy lh\\\/s jf[k,A   7-  vc ck,\\u00a1 iSj ls izfozQ;k dks nqckjk dhft,A 5- 'koklu ykHk   1-  ruko ?kVkus esa enn feyrh gSA   2-  \\u00e8;ku yxkus osQ fy, mRre vklu gSA   3-  'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld FkdkoV dks nwj djrk gSA fof\\\/   1-  ihB osQ cy ysV tkb, vkSj gkFkksa dks 'kjhj ls FkksM+h nwj ij jf[k,A   2-  iSjksa osQ chp ,d ;k nks iqQV dh nwjh cukb,A   3-  gkFkksa dh gFksfy;ksa dks mQij dh fn'kk esa jf[k,A   4-  vius dks vkjke dh eqnzk esa ykrs gq, 'kjhj dks fcuk fgyk, Mqyk, ysV tkb,A   5-  lk\\u00a1lksa dks lkekU; :i ls ysrs gq, fdlh Hkh izdkj dk fopkj eu esa er vkus nhft,A   6-  vius \\u00e8;ku dks 'kjhj osQ gj vax ij \\\/hjs&\\\/hjs ysdj tkb,A\"","\" 155 \\u00b7  'kCndks'k 'kCndks'k 'kCnksa dk HkaMkj gksrk gS tks gesa 'kCn osQ mfpr vFkZ ls igpku djkrk gSA fdlh Hkh Hkk\\\"kk dks tkuus o le>us osQ fy,  'kCn dk Kku gksuk vko';d gS rHkh ge laiw.kZ okD; dk vFkZ le> ik,\\u00a1xsA ;gk\\u00a1 iqLrd esa vk, dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ o.kZekyk  osQ \\u00d8e vuqlkj fn, x, gSaA lkFk gh vFkZ ls iwoZ v{kj&laosQr osQ ek\\u00e8;e ls 'kCn dh O;kdj.k laca\\\/h tkudkjh Hkh nh tk jgh gSA   tSlk fd igys crk;k x;k gS fd 'kCndks'k o.kZekyk osQ \\u00d8e esa 'kCnksa dks la;ksftr djrk gS] blesa igys Loj vkSj ckn esa O;atu  vkrs gSaA izR;sd O;atu osQ lkFk Loj ek=kk :i esa yxrs gSaA 'kCndks'k esa o.kZ\\u00d8e ;kstuk Loj   % v\\u00a1 va v%@v vk\\u00a1 vka vk@vkW ba b b\\u00b1 bZ m\\u00a1 ma m m\\u00a1Q maQ mQ \\u00bd ,\\u00a1 ,a , ,sa ,s vksa vks vkSa vks O;atu  % d {k [k@[+k x@X + k ?k p N t@\\u201dk K > V B M@M+ <@<+ .k r =k Fk n \\\/ u i@iz iQ@I + kQ c Hk e ; j y o 'k J \\\"k l g lkekU; fu;e      1-  dks'k osQ o.kZ\\u00d8e esa iw.kZ v{kj ls igys vuqukfld o vuqLokj fpg~u (j\\u00a1] ja) ;qDr o.kZ vk,\\u00a1xsA      mnkgj.k\\u03bcg\\u00a1l] gal] gl] gkl] \\u00dfkl      2-  vk\\\/s v{kj iw.kZ v{kjksa osQ ckn vk,\\u00a1xsA       mnkgj.k\\u03bcdj] doZQV] dkSu] D;k      3-  la;qDrk{kjksa dk o.kZ\\u00d8e muosQ ?kVdksa osQ \\u00d8e osQ vuqlkj fu\\\/kZfjr gksrk gSA       {k   \\u00be o~Q $ \\\"k  =k   \\u00be r~ $ j  K \\u00be t~ $ \\u00d7k  J \\u00be 'k~ $ j       \\u00d8e \\u00be o~Q $ j $ e  deZ \\u00be d $ j~ $ e       n~o  \\u00be n~ $ o  n~\\\/  \\u00be n~ $ \\\/      4-           'kCn osQ vFkZ ls iwoZ v{kj&laosQr fn, x, gSaA buls gesa 'kCnksa dh O;kdj.k laca\\\/h tkudkjh feyrh gSA uhps nh xbZ  lwph ls rqe v{kj&laosQrksa dks le> ldrs gksA           laKk      (la-)      loZuke        (loZ-)           fo'ks\\\"k.k        (fo-)      f\\u00d8;k      (f\\u00d8-)           f\\u00d8;kfo'ks\\\"k.k     (f\\u00d8-fo-)      vO;;      (vo-)           iqfYyax         (iq-)      L=khfyax        (L=kh-)   bl 'kCndks'k esa osQoy os 'kCn gSa tks fofHkUu ikBksa esa vk, gSaA mQij fn, x, laosQrksa dh lgk;rk ls 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ <w\\u00a1<+uk ljy  gks tk,xkA\"","\" 156 v vatu  (la- iq-) \\u03bc dkty varj  (la- v-) \\u03bc \\u00e2n; var\\\/kZu  (la- iq-) \\u03bc yksi gks tkuk vdLekr  (la- v-) \\u03bc vpkud] ,dk,d vxk\\\/  (la- fo-) \\u03bc xgjk] vFkkg vxkspj  (la- fo-) \\u03bc vizdV vfXu'kykdkvksa  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc vkx dh yiVsa vpy  (la- fo-) \\u03bc xfrghu] vVy vrqfyr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc vikj vFkkg  (fo-) \\u03bc lhek jfgr vnc  (v- iq-) \\u03bc f'k\\\"Vkpkj] vknj vnk  (v- L=kh-) \\u03bc nsuk] pqdkuk vn~Hkqr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc vuks[kk v\\\/hj  (la- fo-) \\u03bc \\\/S;Zjfgr] cspSu vuFkZ  (la- fo-) \\u03bc cqjk vukf\\\/dkjh  (la- fo-) \\u03bc ftls vf\\\/dkj u gks vuk;kl  (la- f\\u00d8- fo-) \\u03bc fcuk iz;Ru osQ vuqnkRr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc \\\/hek] uhpk vuqu;  (la- iq-) \\u03bc fourh vuqefr  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc vkKk vuqjfDr  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc vuqjkx] izse vuqla\\\/ku  (la- iq-) \\u03bc [kkst vU;=k  (la- f\\u00d8- fo-) \\u03bc dgha Hkh vU;ksU;kfJr  (la- iq-) \\u03bc ,d&nwljs ij vkfJr vifjiDo  (la- fo-) \\u03bc vfodflr] tks idk u gks vifjekftZr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc tks lkI + kQ&lqFkjk u gks] vLoPN vfHk;qDr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc vkjksih] nks\\\"kh vfHk#fp  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc 'kkSd] #fp vH;Lr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc vknh gksuk] vknr gksuk vejkb;k\\u00a1  (L=kh-) \\u03bc vke osQ ckx vof'k\\\"V  (la- fo-) \\u03bc cpk gqvk vfoyac  (la- fo-) \\u03bc rqjar] >ViV v'yhy  (la- fo-) \\u03bc Hkn~nk] iwQgM+ vlaxfBr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc tks laxfBr u gks vk vkdka{kk  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc pkg] bPNk vk\\u00e8;kfRed  (la- fo-) \\u03bc vkRek&ijekRek ls lacaf\\\/r vkckn  (I + kQk- fo-) \\u03bc clk gqvk] laiUu vkrZozaQnu  (la- fo-) \\u03bc jksus dh vkok\\u201dk vkye  (v- iq-) \\u03bc lalkj] tulewg vkys[ku  (la- iq-) \\u03bc ys[ku f\\u00d8;k] fp=k vafdr djuk vkykspuk  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc Vhdk&fVIi.kh] fdlh ckr@dk;Z osQ xq.k  nks\\\"kksa dk fopkj vkfoHkZwr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc izdV gksuk vk'kadk  (la- iq-) \\u03bc lansg vk'oLr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc fuf'par vk'oklu  (la- iq-) \\u03bc fnyklk nsuk vkg~ykn  (la- iq-) \\u03bc izlUurk bZ bZtkn  (v- L=kh-) \\u03bc vkfo\\\"dkj bZFkj  (v- iq-) \\u03bc ,d jklk;fud nzO; inkFkZ m mRikr  (la- iq-) \\u03bc v'kkafr mnkRr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc m\\u00a1Qpk] egku mn~nhIr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc mRrsftr] c<+k gqvk] tkxk gqvk minzo  (la- iq-) \\u03bc mQ\\\/e] mRikr mi;qDrrk  (la- fo-) \\u03bc vuqowQyrk mj  (la- iq-) \\u03bc \\u00e2n; mYdk  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc izdk'k] rs\\u201dk] e'kky] ,d izdkj dk fiaM  tks jkr esa b\\\/j&m\\\/j tkrk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS mYykl  (la- iq-) \\u03bc [kq'kh] g\\\"kZ] meax , ,dk\\\/  (fo-) \\u03bc fxurh esa cgqr de vks vksr&izksr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc iw.kZr% fefJr vkS vkS\\\"kf\\\/  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc nok d oaQnjk  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc xqiQk djrc  (iq-) \\u03bc dkS'ky] ckthxj d#.kkdj  (la-) \\u03bc n;kyq] Hkxoku dy  (la- fo-) \\u03bc e'khu] ;a=k dykRedrk  (la- fo-) \\u03bc dyk ls ;qDr dykfHk#fp  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc dyk osQ izfr eu dh izo`fRr\"","\" 157 dysoj  (la- iq-) \\u03bc mQijh <k\\u00a1pk dYyksy  (la- iq-) \\u03bc ozQhM+k dk;kdYi  (iq-) \\u03bc :i cnyuk dkjkxkj  (la- iq-) \\u03bc tsy dk'khokl  (la-) \\u03bc eks{k ekxZ fdI + kQk;r  (v- L=kh-) \\u03bc cpr oqaQn  (I + kQk- fo-) \\u03bc ean oqQfVyrk  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc nq\\\"Vrk] Vs<+kiu oqQgjke  (v- iq-) \\u03bc HkxnM+] gypy dksVj  (la- iq-) \\u03bc isM+ dk [kks[kyk Hkkx {kek'khy  (la- fo-) \\u03bc {kek djusokyk {kq\\\/k  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc Hkw[k {ks=k  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc LFkku [k [kkukiwjh  (I + kQk- fg-) \\u03bc [kkyh txg Hkjuk f[kUurk  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc mnklhurk] vizlUurk [kqD[k  (fo-) \\u03bc [kkyh] ftlosQ ikl oqQN u gks [kqjkI + kQkrh  (v- L=kh-) \\u03bc c[ksM+k djusokyk] >xM+kyw x x<+u  (L=kh-) \\u03bc cukoV] xBu xjy  (la- iq-) \\u03bc fo\\\"k xrZ  (la- iq-) \\u03bc xM~<k xokg  (I + kQk- iq-) \\u03bc lk{kh xkSjo  (la- iq-) \\u03bc xfjek] lkSHkkX;] lEeku xzhok  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc xjnu ?k ?kwl  (iq-) \\u03bc fj'or p papq izgkj  (la- iq-) \\u03bc pksap ls pksV djuk pafnzdkvksa  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc eksj dh iw\\u00a1N ij xksy fpg~u pLik  (I + kQk- fo-) \\u03bc fpidkuk fparu  (la- iq-) \\u03bc \\u00e8;ku] eu gh eu esa fd;k tkusokyk foospu phFkM+ksa  (iq-) \\u03bc iQVs&iqjkus diM+s psrkouh  (L=kh-) \\u03bc [krjs dh iwoZ lwpuk N Nan  (la- iq-) \\u03bc 'yksd Nfo  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc 'kksHkk] lqanjrk Ngj  (v- f\\u00d8-) \\u03bc fc[kj t tx  (iq-) \\u03bc lalkj] txr tru  (fo-) \\u03bc ;Ru tUenk=kh  (L=kh-) \\u03bc tUe nsusokyh] tUenkf;uh thou&laxzke  (la- iq-) \\u03bc thou :ih ;qn~\\\/ B BBsjh ck\\u201dkkj  (L=kh-) \\u03bc crZuksa dk ck\\u201dkkj M MkeyiQk\\u00a1lh  (iq-) \\u03bc mezHkj dh oSQn] ns'k fudkyk r rjafxr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc ftlesa ygjsa mB jgh gksa] fgyksjsa ekjrk  gqvk] mQij uhps mBrk gqvk r#.k  (la- fo-) \\u03bc ;qok rYyhu  (la- fo-) \\u03bc eXu rg[kkus  (I + kQk- iq-) \\u03bc \\u201dkehu osQ uhps cuk dejk rkjhI + kQ  (v- L=kh-) \\u03bc ifjp;] iz'kalk rkoh\\u201dk  (v- iq-) \\u03bc j{kk&dop r`fIr  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc r`Ir gksus dk Hkko =kkfg&=kkfg  (la- v-) \\u03bc cpkvks] j{kk djks f=kos.kh  (L=kh-) \\u03bc rhu ufn;ksa dk laxe n narghu  (la- iq-) \\u03bc fcuk nk\\u00a1r okyk nX\\\/  (la- fo-) \\u03bc xje niZ  (la- iq-) \\u03bc ?keaM n'kk  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc voLFkk] gkyr nkokuy  (la- iq-) \\u03bc taxy dh vkx fnypLi  (fo-) \\u03bc e\\u201dksnkj] jkspd nh{kkar  (la- iq-) \\u03bc nh{kk osQ var esa gksusokyk nhfIr  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc ped nqxZfr  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc nqnZ'kk] nfjnzrk n`xksa  (la-) \\u03bc u;u] us=k ns'kizseghu  (iq-) \\u03bc ns'kizse dh Hkkouk ls jfgr n~;qfr  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc ped\"","\" 158 \\\/ \\\/kj.kk  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc fo'okl \\\/`\\\"Vrk  (la- fo-) \\u03bc nq\\\"Vrk \\u00e8;kueqnzk  (la- iq-) \\u03bc \\u00e8;ku dh fLFkfr u uaxk  (fo-) \\u03bc iQVsgky uDdk'kh  (v- I + kQk-) \\u03bc \\\/krq] iRFkj ;k dkB ij [kksndj  csy&cwVs cukus dh dyk u[kf'k[k  (la- iq-) \\u03bc uk[kwu ls flj rd osQ lc vax uj&O;k?kz  (la- iq-) \\u03bc ck?k osQ leku 'kfDr'kkyh iq#\\\"k uokxarqd  (la- fo-) \\u03bc u;k esgeku fuf\\\/  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc [k\\u201dkkuk fujkin  (la- fo-) \\u03bc lqjf{kr fujh{k.k  (la- iq-) \\u03bc \\u00e8;ku ls ns[kuk fujhg  (la- fo-) \\u03bc funksZ\\\"k] pqipki jgusokyk] mnklhu] fojDr fu.kZ;  (la- iq-) \\u03bc I + kSQlyk fuHkZ;  (la- fo-) \\u03bc fuMj] Hk;ghu fueZy  (la- fo-) \\u03bc lkI + kQ] LoPN fufoZdkj  (la- fo-) \\u03bc O;ofLFkr djuk] fu;e fu'kkuh  (I + kQk- L=kh-) \\u03bc fpg~u fu\\\"dyad  (la- fo-) \\u03bc dyad jfgr] nks\\\"k jfgr fu\\\"Bqj  (la- fo-) \\u03bc dBksj fuLian  (la- fo-) \\u03bc fcuk fgys&Mqys fuLlansg  (la- fo-) \\u03bc lansgjfgr uhykHk  (la- fo-) \\u03bc uhyh vkHkk ;qDr usiF;  (la- iq-) \\u03bc ijns osQ ihNs usg  (iq-) \\u03bc Lusg] I;kj uSfrd  (la- fo-) \\u03bc uhfr laca\\\/h i i{kk?kkr  (la- iq-) \\u03bc ydok i{kh&'kkod  (la- iq-) \\u03bc i{kh dk cPpk iru  (la- iq-) \\u03bc fxjkoV iFk&izn'kZd  (la- iq-) \\u03bc jkg fn[kkusokyk ijkftr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc gkjuk ifjp; foghu  (la- iq-) \\u03bc vutku] vifjfpr ifjfpr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc tkuk&igpkuk] ftlls ifjp; gks ifjR;kx  (la- iq-) \\u03bc NksM+uk iYyfor  (la- fo-) \\u03bc iRrs fudyuk ikoZR;  (la- fo-) \\u03bc ioZr ik\\\"kk.k  (la- iq-) \\u03bc iRFkj iq.;Hkwfe  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc ifo=k Hkwfe iquhr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc ifo=k iqf\\\"ir  (la- fo-) \\u03bc f[kyuk is'kxh  (I + kQk- L=kh-) \\u03bc vfxze jkf'k] fu;r frfFk osQ igys iks[kjh  (L=kh-) \\u03bc rkykc ikS#\\\"k  (la- fo-) \\u03bc 'kfDr] ijk\\u00d8e] ohjrk izdkaM  (la- fo-) \\u03bc cgqr cM+k] oqQ'ky] fo'kky] loZJs\\\"B iz[kj  (la- fo-) \\u03bc rh{.k] rs\\u201dk izfrdkj  (la- iq-) \\u03bc cnyk izfrokn  (la- iq-) \\u03bc fojks\\\/ izfr'kks\\\/  (la- iq-) \\u03bc cnyk] izfrdkj izfrfgalk  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc fgalk osQ cnys fgalk izn'kZu  (la- iq-) \\u03bc fn[kykuk iz\\\/ku  (la- fo-) \\u03bc eq[; izfirkeg  (la- iq-) \\u03bc ijnknk] ijczg~e iziqQfYyr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc [kq'kh izekf.kr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc izek.k n~okjk fln~\\\/ gqvk iz;kl  (la- iq-) \\u03bc dksf'k'k] ;Ru iz\\u00d1frLFk  (la- fo-) \\u03bc vius fpRr esa 'kkar vkSj Bgjk gqvk izoh.krk  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc fuiq.krk] dkS'ky izk\\u00d1r  (la- fo-) \\u03bc iz\\u00d1fr dk] iz\\u00d1fr ls mRiUu izsfjr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc izsj.kk izkIr iQ I + kQjsc  (I + kQk- iq-) \\u03bc Ny] \\\/ks[kk iwQgM+  (fo-) \\u03bc Hkn~nk c cafde  (fo-) \\u03bc frjNh] Vs<+h crkZo  (iq-) \\u03bc O;ogkj ckV  (iq-) \\u03bc jkLrk cstksM+  (I + kQk- fg- fo-) \\u03bc ftldk tksM+ u gks csijokgh  (I + kQk- fg-) \\u03bc fcuk fdlh ijokg osQ czg~ekuan  (la- iq-) \\u03bc czg~e leku vkuan Hk Hkafxek  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc eqnzk Hkkj  (la- iq-) \\u03bc cks> Hkqxrku  (iq-) \\u03bc pqdkus dh voLFkk Hkqtax  (la-) \\u03bc liZ\"","\" 159 Hkqou  (la- iq-) \\u03bc txr] lalkj Hkz\\\"V  (la- fo-) \\u03bc fcxM+k gqvk Hkz\\\"Vkpkj  (la- fo-) \\u03bc csbZekuh e eatjh  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc dksaiy] [kkl ikS\\\/s osQ lhadksa esa yxs cgqr  ls nkuksa dk lewg eatqy  (la- fo-) \\u03bc lqanj] euksgj eaMykdkj  (la- fo-) \\u03bc xksy vkdkj esa eukscy  (la- iq-) \\u03bc vkRek dk cy] eu dh rkdr egrs  (iq-) \\u03bc ekfyd] Lokeh eku jfgr  (la- iq-) \\u03bc lEeku osQ fcuk ekuork  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc euq\\\";rk ektkZjh  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc fcYyh eq\\u00a1Msj  (L=kh-) \\u03bc NTts dh nhokj eqX\\\/  (la- fo-) \\u03bc eksfgr yqC\\\/ ew\\u00a1th  (L=kh-) \\u03bc oaQtwl ew\\u00a1nrk  (la- fozQ-) \\u03bc can fd;k gqvk ew<+  (la- fo-) \\u03bc ew[kZ] vKkuh es?kkPNUu  (la- fo-) \\u03bc cknyksa ls f?kjk ; ;a=k.kk  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc ihM+k ;equ  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc ;equk unh ;qn~\\\/Hkwfe  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc ;qn~\\\/ {ks=k ;kstuk  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc dk;Z djus dh :ijs[kk j jf'e;k\\u00a1  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc fdj.ksa fjiq  (la- iq-) \\u03bc 'k=kq jks\\u201dkxkj  (I+kQk- iq-) \\u03bc ukSdjh] O;olk; jkse&jkse  (la- iq-) \\u03bc jksvk\\u00a1&jksvk\\u00a1] fNnz y yFkiFk  (fo-) \\u03bc Hkhxk gqvk] rj o oanuk  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc Lrqfr djuk otz  (la- fo-) \\u03bc dBksj] l[r o\\u201dkw  (v- iq-) \\u03bc uek\\u201dk ls igys gkFk&iSj vkSj eq\\u00a1g \\\/ksus dk  ikuh o`rkar  (la- iq-) \\u03bc fooj.k] ?kVuk] lekpkj fopfyr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc vfLFkj] papy] v\\\/hj gksuk foK  (la- fo-) \\u03bc fon~oku] Kkuh fo\\\/uk  (la- f\\u00d8-) \\u03bc fof\\\/] czg~ek fo\\u00e8oal  (la- iq-) \\u03bc fouk'k] cckZnh four  (la- fo-) \\u03bc >qdk gqvk] uez fouhr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc fouez fouksn  (la- iq-) \\u03bc e\\u201dkkd] euksjatu foink  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc eqlhcr foifRr  (L=kh-) \\u03bc eqlhcr fojkVrk  (la- fo-) \\u03bc vR;ar fo'kky fo#nkoyh  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc foLr`r ;'kksxku fo'kqn~\\\/  (la- fo-) \\u03bc 'kqn~\\\/ fo'ks\\\"kK  (la- fo-) \\u03bc fo\\\"k; dk fo'ks\\\"k Kku j[kusokyk foJkafr  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc vkjke] Fkdku fo\\\"kerk,\\u00a1  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc vlekurk,\\u00a1 foLr`r  (la- fo-) \\u03bc iSQyko foLe;kfoHkwr  (la- iq-) \\u03bc vR;f\\\/d gSjku fofLer  (la- fo-) \\u03bc pfdr djuk] vk'p;Z djuk O;olk;  (la- iq-) \\u03bc dke \\\/a\\\/k] is'kk O;ofLFkr  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc O;oLFkk dh xbZ O;lu  (la- iq-) \\u03bc cqjh vknr] yr O;Lr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc yxk gqvk O;koqQy  (la- fo-) \\u03bc cspSu] ijs'kku 'k 'kr&'kr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc dbZ lkS] lkS&lkS 'kiFk  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc iz.k] izfrKk 'kj  (la- iq-) \\u03bc ck.k 'kkL=kkFkZ  (la- iq-) \\u03bc 'kkL=k vk\\\/kfjr ijh{kk 'kwU;rk  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc [kkyhiu 'kks\\\/  (la- iq-) \\u03bc [kkst 'kkSd  (v- iq-) \\u03bc #fp] ykylk Jn~\\\/kiwoZd  (la-) \\u03bc vknjiwoZd l ladh.kZ  (la- fo-) \\u03bc NksVk laosQr  (la- iq-) \\u03bc b'kkjk laxzke  (la- iq-) \\u03bc ;qn~\\\/] yM+kbZ larki  (la- iq-) \\u03bc nq[k] Dys'k laf\\\/opu  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc lqyg&le>kSrs dk izLrko\"","\" 160 laiwT;  (la- fo-) \\u03bc iwtk osQ ;ksX; la;r  (la- fo-) \\u03bc tdM+k gqvk] fu;af=kr] 'kkar jguk la;ksx  (la- iq-) \\u03bc vpkud laj{kd  (la- iq-) \\u03bc j{kk djusokyk laoRlj  (la- iq-) \\u03bc o\\\"kZ laokn  (la- iq-) \\u03bc lekpkj laLdkj  (la- iq-) \\u03bc ijaijk ls pys vk jgs fof'k\\\"V o`QR; lR;  (la- fo-) \\u03bc ladYi] n`<+&ladYi lnkpkj  (la- iq-) \\u03bc vPNk vkpj.k ln~Hkko  (la- iq-) \\u03bc 'kqHk Hkko l\\\/  (v- f\\u00d8-) \\u03bc iwjk] fln~\\\/ djuk lefiZr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc HksaV] vfiZr lewpk  (fo-) \\u03bc iwjk lfEeJ.k  (la- iq-) \\u03bc feykoV loZO;kih  (fo-) \\u03bc gj rjI + kQ iSQyk gqvk loZ=k  (la- f\\u00d8- fo-) \\u03bc lc txg lger  (fo-) \\u03bc ,der lkaxksikax  (fo-) \\u03bc laiw.kZ vaxksa ls ;qDr] laiw.kZ vaxksa lfgr lk{kkr  (la- v-) \\u03bc lEeq[k] lkeus lk{kkRdkj  (la- iq-) \\u03bc izR;{k HksaV] lkeus vkuk lk[k  (L=kh-) \\u03bc b\\u201d\\u201dkr lkE;  (la- iq-) \\u03bc lekurk lk;oku  (I + kQk- iq-) \\u03bc Nktu] dejs osQ vkxs dh vksj Nk;k  osQ fy, cuh Vhu dh Nr lkFkZdrk  (la- fo-) \\u03bc liQyrk flxM+h  (L=kh-) \\u03bc v\\u00a1xhBh fla\\\/q  (la- iq-) \\u03bc lkxj] leqnz lq;ks\\\/u  (la- iq-) \\u03bc nq;ksZ\\\/u lq;'k  (la- iq-) \\u03bc lqdhfrZ] ;'kokyk lq\\\"kek  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc vR;f\\\/d lqanjrk lw{e  (la- fo-) \\u03bc ckjhd LraHkdkj  (la- iq-) \\u03bc lekpkj&i=k esa fo'ks\\\"k fo\\\"k; ij fy[kus  okyk LrC\\\/  (la- fo-) \\u03bc fLFkj] laKkghu Li'kZ  (la- iq-) \\u03bc Nwuk LiwQfrZ  (la- L=kh-) \\u03bc iqQjrh] rs\\u201dkh Lekjd  (la- fo-) \\u03bc Lej.k gsrq cukbZ bekjr LoPNan  (la- fo-) \\u03bc euekuk] fcuk fdlh Hk;] fopkj ;k  ladksp osQ LoPNan iz\\u00d1fr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc mUeqDr LoHkko g grksRlkfgr  (la- fo-) \\u03bc ftldk mRlkg VwV x;k gks gLrh  (I + kQk- L=kh-) \\u03bc vfLrRo] O;fDrRo fgeikr  (la- iq-) \\u03bc vksys fxjuk] ikys dk iM+uk gsdM+h  (L=kh-) \\u03bc vdM+\"","\" vH;kl&i= 1 (ikB 1 ls 4) le;  % 1 \\u00bd  ?kaVk  oqQy vad  % 30 lkekU; funsZ'k  % ( i )  iz'u i=k dks \\u00e8;kuiwoZd if<+,A  ( ii )  mRrj lqanj o Li\\\"V v{kjksa esa fyf[k,A   1-  uhps fn, xn~;ka'k dks \\u00e8;kuiwoZd i<+dj iz'uksa osQ lgh mRrj pqfu,A  5      nso&nqyZHk euq\\\"; ;ksfu dks izkIr djosQ Hkh tks O;fDr vius pfj=k dh vksj ls mnklhu jgrk gS og uj ls i'kq  vFkok vlqj cudj Lo;a gh vius iru dk dkj.k cu tkrk gSA gekjs iwoZtksa us bl Hksn dk irk yxkdj euq\\\";  dks mins'k fn;k fd rqEgkjh mUufr pfj=k fuekZ.k esa lfUufgr gSA pfj=k fuekZ.k osQ mn~ns'; ls gh mUgksaus thou dks  pkj vkJeksa esa ck\\u00a1VkA czg~ep;Z] x`gLFk] okuizLFk vkSj laU;klA lcls igys czg~ep;Z vkJe dk fo\\\/ku cuk;kA uxjksa  osQ dksykgy ls nwj] ouksa esa xq# osQ vkJe esa fon~;k\\u00e8;;u djosQ fon~;kFkhZ ln~x`gLFk cuus ;ksX; gks tkrk Fkk rFkk  ckn esa ogh jk\\\"V\\u00aa dk lPpk ukxfjd cu tkrk FkkA gekjk thou pfj=k dh uhao ij [kM+k gSA uhao esa ;fn deh jg  xbZ rks gekjk thou :ih Hkou \\\/jk'kk;h gks tk,xkA edku pkgs fdruk gh lqanj cuk gks foaQrq ;fn uhao de\\u201dkksj  gS rks ,d&u&,d fnu fxjsxk gh lkFk esa vusdksa osQ uk'k dk dkj.k Hkh cusxkA jko.k] nq;ksZ\\\/u] fgj.;d';i bl  ckr osQ izek.k gSaA   (d)  iwoZtksa osQ mins'kksa osQ vuqlkj euq\\\"; dh mUufr fdlesa lfUufgr gS\\\\      ([k)  euq\\\"; dk thou fdrus vkJeksa esa c\\u00a1Vk gqvk gS\\\\   (x)  fon~;kFkhZ fdl izdkj ln~x`gLFk cuus ;ksX; gks tkrk Fkk\\\\   (?k)  gekjk thou fdldh uhao ij [kM+k gS\\\\      (\\u00c4)  ^fuekZ.k* vkSj ^dksykgy* osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,A   2-  fdlh ,d fo\\\"k; ij vuqPNsn fyf[k,A  5      esjk I;kjk ns'k] fHk{kk % O;olk; ;k e\\u201dkcwjh] fgeky; % Hkkjr dh 'kku] tgk\\u00a1 pkg ogk\\u00a1 jkg   3-  funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj fyf[k,A  10      (d)  rn~Hko :i fyf[k,A (dksbZ nks)     iq.;] fur] ix      ([k)  vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,A     ftlosQ ekrk&firk u gks] taxy esa yxus okyh vkx   (x)  nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,A (dksbZ nks)     rkjh[k] nhu] 'k=kq] l[r   (?k)  ^loZ* vkSj ^vfr* milxZ tksM+dj nks&nks 'kCn cukb,A      (\\u00c4)  fdUgha nks 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,A     iquhr] oaQnjk] izfrdkj] 'kiFk 161\"","\"   4-  uhps nh xbZ iafDr;ksa dks i<+dj lgh fodYi pqfu,A  4      xaxk ;equ f=kos.kh] ufn;k\\u00a1 ygj jgh gSa]   txex NVk fujkyh] ix&ix Ngj jgh gSA      (d)  bu iafDr;ksa esa fdu ufn;ksa dk uke vk;k gS\\\\  ( i ) xaxk ;equk  ( ii ) f=kos.kh  ( iii ) ufn;k\\u00a1      ([k)  ^f=kos.kh* dk D;k vFkZ gS\\\\  ( i ) rhu osf.k;k\\u00a1  ( ii ) rhu ufn;ksa dk laxe  ( iii ) rhu ckrsa   (x)  ;g iafDr;k\\u00a1 fdl dfork ls yh xbZ gSa\\\\  ( i ) Lusg 'kiFk  ( ii ) ge nhokuksa dh D;k gLrh  ( iii ) ekr`Hkwfe   (?k)  bu iafDr;ksa esa vk;k ;qXe&'kCn dkSu&lk gS\\\\  ( i ) ix&ix  ( ii ) txex  ( iii ) xaxk ;equ   5-  ;s 'kCn fdlus] fdlls dgs\\\\  3      (d)  \\u00b6og loZ=k gSA og bl Hkou esa gSA \\u0327   ([k)  \\u00b6bl jkx&fon~;k ls fdlh dks gkfu ugha igq\\u00a1pkm\\u00a1QxkA \\u0327   (x)  \\u00b6;g midkj thou&Hkj u Hkwyw\\u00a1xkA \\u0327   6-  lgh  ( \\uf050 ) ;k xyr ( \\u00d7 ) dk fu'kku yxkb,A  3      (d)  lk\\\/q us lnkpkj dk rkoh\\u201dk cuk;kA       ([k)  vdcj osQ dkj.k cStw ckojk vkxjk vk;kA    (?k)  ^ekr`Hkwfe* ohj jl dh dfork gSA  162\"","\" vH;kl&i= 2 (ikB 5 ls 8) le;  % 1 \\u00bd  ?kaVk  oqQy vad  % 30 lkekU; funsZ'k  % ( i )  iz'u i=k dks \\u00e8;kuiwoZd if<+,A  ( ii )  mRrj lqanj o Li\\\"V v{kjksa esa fyf[k,A   1-  uhps fn, in~;ka'k dks \\u00e8;kuiwoZd i<+dj iz'uksa osQ lgh mRrj pqfu,A  5      ns[kdj ck\\\/k fofo\\\/] cgq fo?u ?kcjkrs ughaA   jg Hkjksls HkkX; osQ nq[k Hkksx iNrkrs ughaA      dke fdruk gh dfBu gks] foaQrq mdrkrs ughaA      HkhM+ esa papy cus tks ohj fn[kykrs ughaA      gks x, ,d vku esa muosQ cqjs fnu Hkh HkysA      lc txg lc dky esa os gh feys iwQys&iQysA      (d)  dfork esa fdlosQ ckjs esa dgk x;k gS\\\\  ( i ) ns'kHkDr  ( ii ) lSfud  ( iii ) deZohj      ([k)  HkkX; osQ Hkjksls jgus okys O;fDr oSQls gksrs gSa\\\\  ( i ) deZB  ( ii ) vkylh  ( iii ) HkkX;oknh   (x)  oSQls O;fDr dfBu dke dks djus esa liQy gksrs gSa\\\\  ( i ) tks viuk dke nwljksa ls djokrs gSaA  ( ii ) tks dke djus ls dHkh mdrkrs ughaA  ( iii ) tks tYnckth esa dke iwjk djrs gSaA   (?k)  oSQls O;fDr HkhM+ esa Hkh papy ugha gksrs\\\\  ( i ) \\\/hj  ( ii ) ifjJeh  ( iii ) ohj      (\\u00c4)  ^fofo\\\/* rFkk ^vku* 'kCn dk vFkZ fyf[k,A   2-  fdlh ,d fo\\\"k; ij vuqPNsn fyf[k,A  5      bZekunkjh] pfj=k cy] ln~O;ogkj] Nk=k vkSj vuq'kklu   3-  funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj nhft,A  10      (d)  bu eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,A     dkVks rks [kwu ugha] vk\\u00a1[kksa ls vks>y gksuk      ([k)  nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,A (dksbZ nks)     n'kk] 'kh'kk] cnlwjr   (x)  buosQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,A     lkr fnuksa dk lewg] rhu eaf\\u201dkyokyk   (?k)  ;g fp=k fdlus cuk;k\\\\ (loZuke 'kCn Nk\\u00a1Vdj loZuke Hksn fyf[k,A) 163\"","\"      (\\u00c4)     o.kZ&foPNsn     dhft,A                   Hkwe\\u00e8;]         ,sfrgkfld   4-  uhps fn, xn~;ka'k dks i<+dj lgh mRrj nhft,A  4      uhps o`{k dh Nk;k esa cqn~\\\/u ysVk gqvk FkkA voLFkk mldh ipkl osQ mQij FkhA ,d fnu ,dk,d i{kk?kkr us  mls vpy dj fn;kA thou vkSj e`R;q us vkil esa lqyg djosQ ekuks vk\\\/s&vk\\\/s 'kjhj dk c\\u00a1Vokjk dj fy;kA L=kh  igys gh xr gks pqdh FkhA ?kj esa 15&16 Ok\\\"kZ dk ,dek=k] xksoqQy gh vof'k\\\"V FkkA mlh osQ lgkjs mlosQ fnu iwjs  gks jgs FksA   (d)  cqn~\\\/u dgk\\u00a1 ysVk gqvk Fkk\\\\      ([k)  cqn~\\\/u dks fdlus vpy dj fn;k Fkk\\\\   (x)  xksoqQy dkSu Fkk\\\\   (?k)  ^vof'k\\\"V* dk D;k vFkZ gS\\\\   5-  iz'uksa osQ laf{kIr mRrj nhft,A  6      (d)  iks[kjh osQ uke ls pkrd&iq=k D;ksa flgj mBk\\\\   ([k)  vaxzs\\u201dk dks fdldk 'kkSd Fkk\\\\   (x)  lqu;uk osQ \\u00e2n; esa oSQls ifjorZu gqvk\\\\ 164\"","\" vH;kl&i= 3 (ikB 9 ls 12) le;  % 1 \\u00bd  ?kaVk  oqQy vad  % 30 lkekU; funsZ'k  % ( i )  iz'u i=k dks \\u00e8;kuiwoZd if<+,A  ( ii )  mRrj lqanj o Li\\\"V v{kjksa esa fyf[k,A   1-  uhps fn, in~;ka'k dks \\u00e8;kuiwoZd i<+dj iz'uksa osQ lgh mRrj pqfu,A  5      u tks cI + kZQ dh vk\\u00a1f\\\/;ksa ls yM+s gSa   dHkh ix u muosQ f'k[kj ij iM+s gSaA      ftUgsa y{; ls de vf\\\/d I;kj [kqn ls      ogh th pqjkdj rjlrs [kM+s gSaA      vxj th ldks rks ft;ks tw>dj rqe      vejrk rqEgkjs pj.k pwe ysxh      u gks lkFk dksbZ vosQys pyks rqe      liQyrk rqEgkjs pj.k pwe ysxhA      (d)  thou esa liQyrk ikus osQ fy, D;k vko';d gS\\\\  ( i ) liQyrk dk bar\\u201dkkj djukA  ( ii ) liQyrk osQ fy, iz;kl djukA  ( iii ) liQyrk osQ fy, nwljksa dh enn ysukA      ([k)  thou esa vliQy dkSu gksrk gS\\\\  ( i ) tks dke ls th pqjkrk gSA  ( ii ) tks LokFkhZ gksrk gSA  ( iii ) tks y{; ls vf\\\/d Lo;a ls I;kj djrk gSA   (x)  dfo vosQys pyus dh ckr D;ksa dj jgs gSa\\\\  ( i ) y{; dks ikus osQ fy, vosQys gh iz;kl djuk iM+rk gSA  ( ii ) ges'kk yksx gekjk lkFk ugha ns ldrsA  ( iii ) cM+s y{; dks ikus osQ fy, vosQys gh vkxs c<+uk dfBu gSA   (?k)  vejrk gekjs dne dc pwerh gS\\\\  ( i ) tc ge dksbZ cM+k dke djrs gSaA  ( ii ) tc ge dfBukbZ ls tw>rs gSaA  ( iii ) tc ge ej tkrs gSaA      (\\u00c4)  in~;ka'k esa ^f'k[kj* dk D;k vFkZ gS\\\\  ( i ) liQyrk  ( ii ) ioZr dh pksVh  ( iii ) m\\u00a1QpkbZ   2-  fdlh ,d fo\\\"k; ij vuqPNsn fyf[k,A  5      le; dk lnqi;ksx] jk\\\"V\\u00aah; i{kh\\u03bceksj] vusdrk esa ,drk 165\"","\"   3-  iz'uksa osQ laf{kIr mRrj nhft,A  6      (d)  xka\\\/hth dks ^ued pksj* dgus dk D;k dkj.k gS\\\\   ([k)  ^fHk[keaxksa dh nqfu;k* ls dfo dk D;k vfHkizk; gS\\\\   (x)  v\\\"VkoozQ us fdl&fdldh la[;k vBkjg crkbZ\\\\   4-  fdlh ,d dh O;k[;k dhft,A  2      (d)  vk, cudj mYykl dHkh]     vk\\u00a1lw cudj cg pys vHkhA      ([k)  e;wj dykfiz; ohj i{kh gS] fgald ek=k ughaA   5-  uhps fn, la;qDr O;atu ls nks&nks 'kCn fyf[k,A  3   O;   \\u03bc                                \\\"V  \\u03bc                                X;  \\u03bc                                6-  lgh fodYi pqfu,A  4      (d)  ftldh rhu Hkqtk,\\u00a1 gksa\\u03bc  ( i ) f=kHkqt  ( ii ) f=kos.kh  ( iii ) f=kdky      ([k)  vuqdj.k djus okyk\\u03bc  ( i ) vuqlj.k  ( ii ) vuqdj.kh;  ( ii ) vuqu;   (x)  ^vfHkeku* dk foykse\\u03bc  ( i ) LokfHkeku  ( ii ) fujfHkeku  ( iii ) vieku   (?k)  dkSu&lk 'kCn ^eksj* dk i;kZ; ugha gS\\\\  ( i ) e;wj  ( ii ) osQdh  ( iii ) uhjn   7-  bu 'kCnksa osQ fyax cnydj fyf[k,A  2      lezkV]     iafMr   8-  l   2  u   9-  mfpr leJqfr fHkUukFkZd 'kCn n~okjk okD; dh iwfrZ dhft,A  1      gesa     lcdks                    le>uk pkfg, rFkk lcdk                djuk pkfg,A 166\"","\" vH;kl&i= 4 (ikB 13 ls 18) le;  % 1 \\u00bd  ?kaVk  oqQy vad  % 30 lkekU; funsZ'k  % ( i )  iz'u i=k dks \\u00e8;kuiwoZd if<+,A  ( ii )  mRrj lqanj o Li\\\"V v{kjksa esa fyf[k,A   1-  uhps fn, xn~;ka'k dks \\u00e8;kuiwoZd i<+dj iz'uksa osQ lgh mRrj nhft,A  5      cM+s&cM+s 'kL=kksa dk izgkj og dke ugha dj ikrk] tks euq\\\"; dh dVqok.kh dj nsrh gSA 'kL=kksa osQ ?kko fpfdRlk ls  Hkj tkrs gSa] ij ok.kh osQ ?kkoksa dh fpfdRlk ughaA dVqok.kh ls euq\\\"; nwljksa dk fny rks nq[kkrk gh gS] ij Lo;a Hkh  LFkku&LFkku ij vuknj dk ik=k cu tkrk gSA dM+ok cksyus okys ls dksbZ ckr rd djuk ilan ugha djrk] mlosQ  nq[k&nnZ esa fdlh dh lgkuqHkwfr ugha gksrhA lekt esa ftu egkiq#\\\"kksa us mPp&in vkSj mPp izfr\\\"Bk izkIr dh gS]  os lHkh e`nqHkk\\\"kh FksA Hkxoku cqn~\\\/ us dHkh vius dV~Vj 'k=kqvksa rd dks dVq opu ugha dgs] blfy, var esa os  muosQ pj.kksa esa vkdj fxjsA   (d)  dVqok.kh vkSj 'kL=kksa osQ ?kko esa D;k varj gS\\\\      ([k)  dVqok.kh osQ ?kko fpfdRlk ls D;ksa ugha Hkj ikrs\\\\   (x)  dVqok.kh cksyus okys ls yksx oSQlk O;ogkj djrs gSa\\\\   (?k)  Hkxoku cqn~\\\/ osQ 'k=kq Hkh muosQ pj.kksa esa D;ksa >qd x,\\\\      (\\u00c4)  xn~;ka'k osQ fy, mi;qDr 'kh\\\"kZd nhft,A   2-  fdlh ,d fo\\\"k; ij vuqPNsn fyf[k,A  5      cpiu osQ fnu] ek\\u00a1 bZ'oj dk :i gS] fe=krk   3-  lgh fodYi pqfu,A  4      (d)  ^fueZy* dk foykse  ( i ) fucZy  ( ii ) efyu  ( iii ) feyki      ([k)  ^lefiZr* 'kCn esa fdl izR;; dk iz;ksx gqvk gS\\\\  ( i ) br  ( ii ) r  ( iii ) fir   (x)  dkSu&lk 'kCn ^xjy* dk i;kZ; ugha gS\\\\  ( i ) fo\\\"k  ( ii ) \\u201dkgj  ( iii ) ve`r   (?k)  ^fuHkZ;* dk foykse pqfu,A  ( i ) vieku  ( ii ) Hk;  ( iii ) fof\\\/   4-  funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj nhft,A       (d)  Hkkookpd laKk cukb,A  2                    f'k'kq]         dkyk      ([k)     o.kZ&foPNsn     dhft,A      2                   ltkoV]         cfynku   (x)  jk?ko osQ fcuk ?kj lwuk yxrk gSA (laca\\\/cks\\\/d 'kCn crkb,)  1 167\"","\"   5-  in~;ka'k dks i<+dj lgh mRrj pqfu,A  3      fpark&jfgr [ksyuk&[kkuk] og fiQjuk fuHkZ; LoPNanA   oSQls Hkwyk tk ldrk gS] cpiu dk vrqfyr vkuan!      m\\u00a1Qp&uhp dk Kku ugha Fkk] NqvkNwr fdlus tkuh!      cuh gqbZ Fkh ogk\\u00a1 >kasiM+h] vkSj phFkM+ksa esa jkuhAA      (d)  bu iafDr;ksa osQ vuqlkj dkSu&lk vkuan Hkwyk ugha tk ldrk\\\\  ( i ) cpiu dk  ( ii ) ;kSou dk  ( iii ) o`n~\\\/koLFkk dk      ([k)  cpiu esa fdldk Kku ugha gksrk\\\\  ( i ) vkuan dk  ( ii ) m\\u00a1Qp&uhp dk  ( iii ) [ksy&owQn dk   (x)  ^fuHkZ;* dk D;k vFkZ gS\\\\  ( i ) Mjuk  ( ii ) fuMj  ( iii ) dk;j   6-  iz'uksa osQ laf{kIr mRrj nhft,A  8      (d)  fe=k dk pquko djrs le; gesa fdu&fdu ckrksa dk \\u00e8;ku j[kuk pkfg,\\\\   ([k)  jkeizlkn fcfLey us viuh ek\\u00a1 dks ;g D;ksa fy[kk fd Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl esa rqEgkjk uke Lo.kZ v{kjksa esa  fy[kk tk,xk\\\\   (x)  cpiu dks dof;=kh us ^fu\\\"iki* D;ksa dgk gS\\\\   (?k)  oSQls yksxksa dh fe=krk ls gesa lko\\\/ku jguk pkfg,\\\\ 168\"","\" ijh{kk&i= 1 (ikB 1 ls 9) le;  % 2 ?kaVk  oqQy vad  % 60 lkekU; funsZ'k  %      (d)  iz'u i=k dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ck\\u00a1Vk x;k gSA      ([k)  izR;sd [kaM osQ mRrj \\u00d8ekuqlkj rFkk ,d lkFk dhft,A   (x)  mRrj lqanj o Li\\\"V 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A   (?k)  iz'u i=k dks \\u00e8;kuiwoZd if<+,A ([kaM&d)   1-  uhps fn, xn~;ka'k dks i<+dj lgh mRrj pqfu,A  5      D;k vki yksxksa us dHkh 'kqn~\\\/ \\u00e2n; ls bl ij fopkj fd;k gS fd ekrk] ekr`Hkwfe vkSj ekr`Hkk\\\"kk dk vki ij D;k  \\u00bd.k gS\\\\ ,d tuuh vkidks tUe nsrh gS] ,d dh xksn esa [ksy&owQndj vkSj [kk&ihdj vki iq\\\"V gksrs gSa] vkSj  ,d vkidks vius Hkkoksa dks izdV djus dh 'kfDr nsrh gS] vkiosQ lkalkfjd thou dks lq[ke; cukrh gSA ftldk  vki ij bruk midkj gS] mlosQ fy, oqQN djuk D;k vkidk ije drZO; ugha gS\\\\ I;kjs Hkkb;ks] mBks] vkyL;  NksM+ks] dej dlks vkSj viuh ekr`Hkwfe dh lsok esa rRij gks tkvks] vius dks ekr`\\u00bd.k ls eqDr djksA lalkj esa liwr  dgykvks vkSj ekr`lsodksa esa viuh dhfrZ NksM+ tkvksA ijarq \\u00e8;ku jgs] ;g ozr lk\\\/kj.k ugha gSA bl ozr dk ikyu  djuk ryokj dh \\\/kj ij pyus osQ leku gSA   (d)  xn~;ka'k esa fdldh lsok djus dks dgk x;k gS\\\\  ( i ) viuh ekrk dh  ( ii ) ekr`Hkwfe dh  ( iii ) ekr`Hkk\\\"kk dh      ([k)  \\\/jrh ek\\u00a1 vkSj tUenkf;uh ek\\u00a1 esa D;k lekurk gksrh gS\\\\  ( i ) nksuksa gekjk ikyu&iks\\\"k.k djrh gSaA  ( ii ) nksuksa gesa cksyuk fl[kkrh gSaA  ( iii ) nksuksa gesa i<+uk fl[kkrh gSaA   (x)  vius Hkkoksa dks izdV djus dh 'kfDr gesa dkSu nsrh gS\\\\  ( i ) \\\/jrh ek\\u00a1  ( ii ) ftg~ok  ( iii ) ekr`Hkk\\\"kk   (?k)  ^ryokj dh \\\/kj ij pyuk* dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\\\\  ( i ) ryokj dh uksad ij pyuk ( ii ) oaQVhyh >kM+h ij pyuk   ( iii ) dfBu ifjfLFkfr ls xqtjuk      (\\u00c4)  xn~;ka'k esa fdl \\u00bd.k ls eqDr gksus dh ckr dgh xbZ gS\\\\  ( i ) iSlksa dk \\u00bd.k  ( ii ) ns'k dk \\u00bd.k  ( iii ) ekr`\\u00bd.k   2-  in~;ka'k dks i<+dj lgh mRrj fyf[k,A  5      Vdjkrs gSa blls ckny rks [kqn ikuh gks tkrs gSaA      rwI + kQku pys vkrs gSa rks] Bksdj [kkdj lks tkrs gSaA   tc&tc turk dks foink nh      rc&rc fudys yk[kksa xka\\\/h]      ryokjksa dh VwVh vk\\u00a1\\\/h]      bldh ijNkb\\u00b1 esa rwI + kQku] fpjkxksa ls 'kjekrk gSA      fxfjjkt fgeky; ls Hkkjr dk] oqQN ,slk gh ukrk gSA 169\"","\"      (d)  bu iafDr;ksa esa fdldk xq.kxku fd;k x;k gS\\\\      ([k)  ioZr ls Vdjkdj cknyksa vkSj rwI + kQkuksa dh D;k n'kk gksrh gS\\\\   (x)  ns'k ij foifRr vkus ij D;k gksrk gS\\\\   (?k)  bldh ijNkb\\u00b1 esa rwI + kQku] fpjkxksa ls 'kjekrk gSA bl iafDr dk D;k vFkZ gS\\\\      (\\u00c4)  ;gk\\u00a1 ^fpjkx* 'kCn dk D;k vFkZ gS\\\\ ([kaM&[k)   3-  fdlh ,d fo\\\"k; ij yxHkx lkS 'kCnksa esa vuqPNsn fyf[k,A  5      Hkz\\\"Vkpkj] pfj=k cy] esjk fiz; f[kykM+h] dksbZ fnu 'kqHk&v'kqHk ugha gksrs   4-  lekpkj&i=k osQ laiknd dks ,d i=k fyf[k, ftlesa lekt esa iSQys Hkz\\\"Vkpkj osQ izfr fpark O;Dr dh xbZ gksA  5 vFkok     vius NksVs HkkbZ dks le; osQ lnqi;ksx dk egRo crkrs gq, i=k fyf[k,A ([kaM&x)   5-  lgh fodYi pqfu,A  8      (d)  ^fojkVrk* dk foykse  ( i ) lw{erk  ( ii ) vlhe  ( iii ) vuU;      ([k)  ^xq.k* dk foykse  ( i ) lxq.k  ( ii ) voxq.k  ( iii ) nqxqZ.k   (x)  dkSu&lk 'kCn ^?kwl* dk i;kZ; gS\\\\  ( i ) fj'or  ( ii ) is'kxh  ( iii ) tek[kksjh   (?k)  dkSu&lk 'kCn ^fla\\\/q* dk i;kZ; ugha gS\\\\  ( i ) lkxj  ( ii ) leqnz  ( iii ) unh      (\\u00c4)  fo\\\"k; dk fo'ks\\\"k Kku j[kusokyk  ( i ) uhfroku  ( ii ) fo'ks\\\"kK  ( iii ) fojkV   (p)  ftl ij vfHk;ksx yxk;k x;k gks  ( i ) vfHk;qDr  ( ii ) vfHkusrk  ( iii ) vfHkyk\\\"kh   (N)  f=kos.kh fdldk laxe gS\\\\  ( i ) rhu ufn;kas dk  ( ii ) rhu lkxjksa dk  ( iii ) rhu ns'kksa dk   (t)  nkokuy ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\\\\  ( i ) leqnz dh vkx  ( ii ) Hkwfe dh vkx  ( iii ) taxy dh vkx   6-  funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj nhft,A       (d)  xksoqQy ,d txg dke ij tkrk FkkA (mn~ns'; rFkk fo\\\/s; crkb,)  1   ([k)  ykyk >kmQyky osQ ikl vdcjh yksVk FkkA (iz'uokpd okD; esa cnfy,)  1   (x)  lHkh lkFkh g\\\"kZeXu gksdj viuk jk\\\"V\\u00aah; xhr xk jgs FksA (js[kkafdr 'kCnksa dk f\\u00d8;k&Hksn fyf[k,)  2   (?k)  nqvUuh] ;FkkLFkku] ?ku';ke] xaxk&ty dk lekl foxzg dhft,A  2      (\\u00c4)  i`Foh dk ;g futZy miokl gSA (loZuke 'kCn js[kkafdr dj loZuke Hksn fyf[k,)  2   (p)  eSaus ekekth osQ ?kj [kwc e\\u201dks fd,A (dkjd igpkudj dkjd&Hksn fyf[k,)  1 170\"","\"   7-  okD; esa iz;ksx dhft,A (dksbZ rhu)  3      \\\/eZHkwfe] vleatl] fryfeyk mBuk] vk\\u00a1[kksa ls vks>y gks tkuk] dku id tkuk ([kaM&?k)   8-  in~;ka'k dks i<+dj lgh mRrj nhft,A  4      er dgks fd og ,slk gh Fkk]   er dgks fd blosQ lkS xokgA      ;fn lpeqp gh og fiQly x;k      ;k idM+h mlus xyr jkg      rks l[r ckr ls ugha] Lusg ls      dke \\u201dkjk ysdj ns[kksA      (d)  dfo osQ vuqlkj D;k er dgks\\\\      ([k)  tks fiQly x, gSa] mUgsa fdl rjg ls l\\u00a1Hkkyuk pkfg,\\\\   (x)  ^l[r ckr* ls dfo dk D;k vfHkizk; gS\\\\   (?k)  ^Lusg* dk i;kZ; D;k gS\\\\   9-  uhps fy[ks iz'uksa esa ls fdUgha rhu dk mRrj nhft,A  3$3$3      (d)  jktk us Hkz\\\"Vkpkj dks bZ'oj osQ leku D;ksa ekuk\\\\   ([k)  cStw ckojk osQ gkFkksa us flrkj ctkdj D;k dkSrwgy fd;k\\\\   (x)  ^ge nhokuksa dh D;k gLrh* dfork osQ vuqlkj nhokuksa dh D;k fo'ks\\\"krk,\\u00a1 gSa\\\\   (?k)  cVqvk feyus ij xksoqQy us D;k fd;k\\\\      (\\u00c4)  yksVs dh dher dk I + kSQlyk oSQls gqvk\\\\  10-  vk'k; Li\\\"V dhft,A (dksbZ ,d)  3      (d)  lw;Z vfXu'kykdkvksa ls i`Foh dk 'kjhj nX\\\/ dj jgk FkkA   ([k)  iz'u viuh izfr\\\"Bk dk Fkk] vius gh ?kj esa viuh lk[k dk FkkA   (x)  o`{kksa dh 'kk[kk,\\u00a1 lqxaf\\\/r iou esa [ksy jgh Fkha vkSj iRrs g\\\"kZ ls rkfy;k\\u00a1 ctk jgs FksA  11-  lizlax O;k[;k dhft,A (dksbZ ,d)  4      (d)  ge nhokuksa dh D;k gLrh]      vkt ;gk\\u00a1 dy ogk\\u00a1 pysA     eLrh dk vkye lkFk pyk]      ge \\\/wy mM+krs tgk\\u00a1 pysAA      ([k)  fdruk Hkh Hkz\\\"V \\u201dkekuk gks]     gj le; I;kj Hkk ldrk gS_     tks fxjs gq, dks mBk losQ     blls I;kjk oqQN tru ugha]     ns I;kj mBk ik, u ftls     bruk xgjk oqQN iru ughaA 171\"","\" ijh{kk&i= 2 (ikB 10 ls 18) le;  % 2 ?kaVk  oqQy vad  % 60 lkekU; funsZ'k  %      (d)  iz'u i=k dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ck\\u00a1Vk x;k gSA      ([k)  izR;sd [kaM osQ mRrj \\u00d8ekuqlkj rFkk ,d lkFk dhft,A   (x)  mRrj lqanj o Li\\\"V 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A   (?k)  iz'u i=k dks \\u00e8;kuiwoZd if<+,A ([kaM&d)   1-  xn~;ka'k dks i<+dj lgh mRrj nhft,A  5      euq\\\"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd og Lo;a ft, vkSj nwljksa dks Hkh thus nsA og vius lq[k&nq[k  osQ lkFk nwljksa osQ lq[k&nq[k dh vksj Hkh \\u00e8;ku nsA vius LokFkZ dks NksM+dj nwljs osQ fgr dh Hkh lkspsA viuh  LokFkZ&fln~f\\\/ djuk ekuork ugha gSA ijfgr gh lPph ekuork gSA ;gh lPpk \\\/eZ gSA euq\\\"; viuh {kerk vkSj  lkeF;Z osQ vuqlkj ijfgr dj ldrk gSA og eu ls] \\\/u ls ;k ru ls ;k rhuksa ls nwljksa dh HkykbZ dj ldrk  gSA nwljksa osQ izfr lPph lgkuqHkwfr O;Dr djuk Hkh ijfgr gSA fdlh dks ladV ls cpkuk] fdlh dks oqQekxZ ls  gVkuk] fdlh nq[kh vkSj fujk'k O;fDr dks lkaRouk nsuk Hkh ijfgr osQ varxZr vkrk gSA Hkxoku jke us \\u00bdf\\\"k&eqfu;ksa  dh riL;k esa ck\\\/k Mkyus okys jk{klksa dk lagkj fd;kA bZlk elhg us yksxksa dk mRFkku fd;kA lezkV v'kksd us  LFkku&LFkku ij oqQ,\\u00a1] rkykc vkfn [kqnokdj rFkk o`{k yxokdj turk dk midkj fd;kA ;gh ekuork dk izeq[k  \\\/eZ gSA   (d)  euq\\\"; dk \\\/eZ D;k gS\\\\      ([k)  euq\\\"; ijfgr dk dk;Z oSQls dj ldrk gS\\\\   (x)  lezkV v'kksd us ijfgr dk dk;Z oSQls fd;k\\\\   (?k)  ijfgr osQ varxZr D;k&D;k vkrk gS\\\\      (\\u00c4)  xn~;ka'k osQ fy, mfpr 'kh\\\"kZd nhft,A   2-  in~;ka'k dks i<+dj lgh mRrj pqfu,A  5      D;k gh LoPN pk\\u00a1nuh gS ;g   gS D;k gh fuLrC\\\/ fu'kk]      gS LoNan&leqan xa\\\/ og]      fujkuan gS dkSu fn'kk\\\\          can ugha vc Hkh pyrs gSa          fu;fr&uVh osQ dk;Zdyki]          ij fdrus ,dkar Hkko ls]          fdrus 'kkar vkSj pqipkiA        gS fc[ksj nsrh olqa\\\/jk        eksrh lcosQ lksus ij 172\"","\"        jfo cVksj ysrk gS mudks        lnk losjk gksus ijA      (d)  pk\\u00a1nuh jkr esa okrkoj.k oSQlk gksrk gS\\\\      ([k)  gj fn'kk oSQlh gS\\\\   (x)  jkf=k osQ va\\\/dkj esa Hkh dkSu vuojr :i ls viuk dk;Z dj jgk gS\\\\   (?k)  losjk gksus ij lw;Z fdls cVksj ysrk gS\\\\      (\\u00c4)  ^lksuk* 'kCn osQ nks vFkZ crkb,A ([kaM&[k)   3-  fdlh ,d fo\\\"k; ij vuqPNsn fyf[k,A  5      le; dk lnqi;ksx] i'kq&i{kh ls izse] Hkkjr dh izkphu fojklr] lkglh thou   4-  ,d i=k osQ ek\\u00e8;e ls vius fe=k dks le>kb, fd thou dh dfBukb;ksa ls dHkh ?kcjkuk ugha pkfg,A  5 vFkok     vkiosQ fon~;ky; esa ^okf\\\"kZdksRlo* fdl izdkj euk;k x;k\\\\ bldh tkudkjh nsrs gq, vius pkpkth dks i=k fyf[k,A ([kaM&x)   5-  lgh fodYi pqfu,A  7      (d)  ^vlaxfr* esa ewy 'kCn  ( i ) laxfr  ( ii ) xfr  ( iii ) laxBu      ([k)  ^vkRek* 'kCn dk fo'ks\\\"k.k  ( i ) vkRekuan  ( ii ) vkfRed  ( iii ) vkRet   (x)  ^uSfrd* dk foykse  ( i ) oqQuSfrd  ( ii ) leuSfrd  ( iii ) vuSfrd   (?k)  \\u00b6bu xqiQkvksa esa iSQyh gqbZ gSA \\u0327\\u03bcf\\u00d8;k Hksn crkb,A  ( i ) vdeZd  ( ii ) ldeZd  ( iii ) uke\\\/krq      (\\u00c4)  \\u00b6iafMrjkt oanu dk mRrj Bhd ugha gSA \\u0327\\u03bcjs[kkafdr 'kCn dk dkjd Hksn crkb,A  ( i ) viknku dkjd  ( ii ) dj.k dkjd  ( iii ) laca\\\/ dkjd   (p)  ^vkdk'k Nwuk*\\u03bcbl eqgkojs dk vFkZ crkb,A  ( i ) c<+&p<+dj ckrsa djuk   ( ii ) cgqr m\\u00a1Qpk gksuk  ( iii ) rax gksuk   (N)  fdl 'kCn esa ^rj* izR;; dk iz;ksx ugha gqvk gS\\\\  ( i ) drjk  ( ii ) rhozrj  ( iii ) rjy   (t)  fdl 'kCn esa ^oqQ* milxZ dk iz;ksx ugha gqvk gS\\\\  ( i ) oqQyhu  ( ii ) oqQlqe  ( iii ) vozwQj   6-  funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj nhft,A  12      (d)  nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,A (dksbZ nks)     dk;k] vfHkeku] lefiZr 173\"","\"      ([k)  rRle :i fyf[k,A (dksbZ nks)     vkx] vke] u;k   (x)  foykse 'kCn fyf[k,A (dksbZ nks)     mRrh.kZ] o`QrK] izR;{k   (?k)  buosQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,A (dksbZ nks)     tks foKku ls lacaf\\\/r gks] tks lkfgR; ls lacaf\\\/r gks] tks laxfBr u gks      (\\u00c4)  okD; 'kqn~\\\/ dhft,A     uhyoaQB vkSj jk\\\/k o\\\"kkZ dh fiz; \\u00bdrq lcls gh rks FkhA   (p)  fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks vFkZ fyf[k,A                   eu]         er   7-  okD; esa iz;ksx dhft,A (dksbZ pkj)  4      izksRlkgu] dkSrwgy] cfynku] vkdk'k Nwuk] rkjs rksM+uk] rhu&rsjg djuk ([kaM&?k)   8-  xn~;ka'k dks i<+dj mRrj nhft,A  4      bl LraHkdkj dks os fnu ;kn vk,\\u03bcvk\\u201dkknh osQ igys Lok\\\/hurk laxzke osQ fnu] tc ns'k osQ usrkvksa osQ dysaMj  ck\\u201dkkjksa vkSj ?kjksa esa Hkjs gksrs FksA xka\\\/h] fryd] usg:] iVsy] lqHkk\\\"k] jktsanz ckcw] ekSykuk vk\\u201dkkn ls ysdj Hkxrflag]  panz'ks[kj vk\\u201dkkn vkfn 'kk;n gh dksbZ usrk ,slk gks ftldk dysaMj ck\\u201dkkj esa u feyrk gksA lp rks ;g gS fd  lkjs lekt esa ns'kHkfDr dh ygj txkus esa bu jk\\\"V\\u00aah; usrkvksa osQ dysaMjksa dk cM+k gkFk Fkk] tks ?kj&?kj esa igq\\u00a1ps  gq, FksA ge cPps ?kj dh nhokjksa ij mUgsa V\\u00a1xs ns[k muosQ ckjs esa iwNrs Fks] bl rjg Lok\\\/hurk laxzke osQ bfrgkl  ls [kqn dks tqM+k eglwl djrs Fks vkSj ns'k dh vk\\u201dkknh osQ fy, cM+s gksdj yM+us osQ LoIu ns[kk djrs FksA   (d)  LraHkdkj dks dkSu&ls fnu ;kn vkrs Fks\\\\      ([k)  lkjs lekt esa ns'kHkfDr dh ygj dkSu txkrk Fkk\\\\   (x)  fdu&fdu usrkvksa osQ dysaMj ck\\u201dkkj esa feyrs Fks\\\\   9-  lizlax O;k[;k dhft,A (dksbZ ,d)  4      (d)  ik;k eSaus cpiu fiQj ls] cpiu csVh cu vk;kA     mldh eatqy ewfrZ ns[kdj] eq>esa uothou vk;kAA      ([k)  lp iwNks] rks 'kj esa gh clrh gS nhfIr fou; dh]     laf\\\/&opu laiwT; mlh dk ftlesa 'kfDr fot; dhA  10-  fdUgha rhu iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,A  3$3$3      (d)  vkt egkiq#\\\"kksa osQ uke ij fdlosQ fp=k cuk, tkus yxs gSa\\\\   ([k)  iafMr oanu us ijkftr gksus ij dkSu&lk jgL; mn~?kkfVr fd;k\\\\   (x)  uhyoaQB us [kjxks'k dks lk\\u00a1i osQ pqaxy ls oSQls NqM+k;k\\\\   (?k)  ykyk yktirjk; ek\\u00a1 osQ pj.kksa esa D;k lefiZr djuk pkgrs Fks vkSj D;ksa\\\\      (\\u00c4)  vtark vkSj ,yksjk dh xqiQkvksa dk o.kZu vius 'kCnksa esa dhft,A 174\"","\"\"","\"\""]